Ana ba da shawarar hanyar ilmantarwa mara kulawa don tantance lardunan muhallin teku na duniya (lardunan yanayi) bisa tsarin al'umma na plankton da bayanan kwararar abinci.Hanyar haɗaɗɗiyar lardi na muhalli (SAGE) na iya gano lardunan muhalli a cikin ƙirar yanayin yanayin da ba na kan layi ba.Domin daidaitawa da ba-Gaussian covariance na bayanai, SAGE yana amfani da t bazuwar makwabcin sakawa (t-SNE) don rage girman.Tare da taimakon aikace-aikacen amo wanda ya dogara da algorithm na tushen yawa (DBSCAN), ana iya gano larduna sama da ɗari.Yin amfani da taswirar haɗin kai tare da bambance-bambancen muhalli azaman ma'aunin nesa, ƙaƙƙarfan lardi na muhalli mai ƙarfi (AEP) an ayyana shi da gaske ta hanyar lardunan muhalli masu ƙayatarwa.Yin amfani da AEPs, an bincika sarrafa adadin wadatar abinci akan tsarin al'umma.Lardin Eco da AEP na musamman ne kuma suna iya taimakawa fassarar fassarar.Suna iya sauƙaƙe kwatance tsakanin samfura kuma suna iya haɓaka fahimta da sa ido kan yanayin yanayin teku.
Larduna yankuna ne da aka tsara tarihin tarihin rayuwar teku ko ƙasa zuwa wurare masu ma'ana da ma'ana (1).Waɗannan larduna suna da mahimmanci don kwatantawa da daidaitawa wurare, da ke nuna abubuwan lura, sa ido da kariya.Hadaddiyar mu'amalar da ba ta kai tsaye ba wacce ke samar da wadannan larduna ta sanya hanyoyin koyon injin (ML) ba tare da kulawa ba sosai don tantance larduna da gaske, saboda hadin kai a cikin bayanan yana da rikitarwa kuma ba na Gaussian ba.Anan, ana ba da shawarar hanyar ML, wacce a tsanake ke gano musamman lardunan muhallin ruwa (larduna-eco-provinces) daga tsarin Darwin na duniya mai girma uku (3D) na jiki/tsarin muhalli (2).Ana amfani da kalmar “na musamman” don nuna cewa yankin da aka gano bai isa ya jeba da wasu wurare ba.Wannan hanya ita ake kira da System Integrated Ecological Province (SAGE).Domin aiwatar da rarrabuwa mai amfani, hanyar algorithm tana buƙatar ba da damar (i) rarrabuwa na duniya da (ii) bincike mai ma'auni da yawa waɗanda za'a iya tarawa / tara cikin sarari da lokaci (3).A cikin wannan binciken, an fara gabatar da hanyar SAGE kuma an tattauna lardunan muhalli da aka gano.Lardunan muhalli na iya haɓaka fahimtar abubuwan da ke sarrafa tsarin al'umma, ba da fa'ida mai fa'ida don dabarun sa ido, da taimakawa bin sauye-sauye a cikin yanayin muhalli.
Yawancin lardunan ƙasa ana rarraba su bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin yanayi (hazo da zafin jiki), ƙasa, ciyayi, da namun daji, kuma ana amfani da su don kulawa da taimako, binciken halittu, da kula da cututtuka (1, 4).Lardunan ruwa sun fi wahala a ayyana su.Yawancin kwayoyin halitta ba su da kyan gani, tare da iyakokin ruwa.Longhurst et al.(5) Bayar da ɗaya daga cikin rarrabuwa na farko na duniya na Ma'aikatar Ilimin Tekun Duniya bisa yanayin muhalli.Ma'anar waɗannan lardunan "Longhurst" sun haɗa da sauye-sauye kamar haɗe-haɗe, daidaitawa, da rashin haske, da kuma ƙwarewar Longhurst a matsayin masanin teku, wanda ke da wasu muhimman sharuɗɗa don yanayin yanayin ruwa.An yi amfani da Longhurst da yawa, alal misali, don tantance samar da farko da iskar carbon, kamun kifi, da kuma tsara ayyukan lura da yanayi (5-9).Domin a ayyana larduna da gaske, an yi amfani da hanyoyi kamar surutun dabaru da tari/kididdiga marasa kulawa da yanki (9-14).Manufar irin waɗannan hanyoyin ita ce gano ma'ana mai ma'ana da za su iya gano larduna a cikin bayanan lura da ake da su.Misali, lardunan ruwa masu tsauri (12) suna amfani da taswirori na tsara kansu don rage hayaniya, kuma suna amfani da tari (tushen bishiya) don tantance samfuran launin ruwan teku waɗanda aka samo daga tauraron dan adam na yanki [chlorophyll a (Chl-a), daidaitaccen tsayin layin Fluorescence kuma launin narkar da kwayoyin halitta] da kuma filin jiki (zazzabi na saman teku da kuma salinity, cikakken yanayin yanayin yanayi da kankara na teku).
Tsarin al'umma na plankton yana da damuwa saboda ilimin halittunsa yana da babban tasiri akan matakan gina jiki mafi girma, shayar da carbon da yanayi.Duk da haka, har yanzu yana da ƙalubale kuma makasudin manufa don tantance lardi na muhallin duniya bisa tsarin al'ummar plankton.Tauraron dan adam launi na ruwa na iya yin yuwuwar samar da haske game da rarrabuwar ɓangarorin phytoplankton ko bayar da shawarar fa'idodin ƙungiyoyin aiki (15), amma a halin yanzu ba su iya ba da cikakken bayani kan tsarin al'umma.Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan [misali Tekun Tara (16)] yana ba da ma'auni na tsarin al'umma wanda ba a taɓa gani ba;a halin yanzu, akwai kawai abubuwan lura a cikin wurin akan sikelin duniya (17).Nazarin da suka gabata sun ƙaddara "Lardin Biogeochemical" (12, 14, 18) dangane da ƙayyadaddun kamannin kwayoyin halitta (kamar samar da farko, Chl da haske mai samuwa).Anan, ana amfani da ƙirar ƙididdiga don fitarwa [Darwin(2)], kuma an ƙayyade lardi na muhalli bisa ga tsarin al'umma da juzu'in abinci mai gina jiki.Samfurin lamba da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan binciken yana da ɗaukar hoto na duniya kuma ana iya kwatanta shi da bayanan filin da ake da su (17) da filayen ji na nesa (Note S1).Bayanan ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken yana da fa'idar ɗaukar hoto na duniya.Tsarin muhallin samfurin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan phytoplankton 35 da nau'ikan zooplankton 16 (da fatan za a koma ga kayan aiki da hanyoyin).Nau'in ƙirar plankton suna hulɗa da juna ba tare da tsarin haɗin kai na Gaussian ba, don haka hanyoyin bincike masu sauƙi ba su dace da gano keɓantaccen tsari da daidaito a cikin tsarin al'umma masu tasowa ba.Hanyar SAGE da aka gabatar anan tana ba da sabuwar hanya don bincika fitar da hadadden tsarin Darwin.
Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na canji na kimiyyar bayanai / fasaha na ML na iya ba da damar rikiɗar ƙirar ƙira don bayyana hadaddun tsari amma ƙaƙƙarfan tsari a cikin haɗin kai na bayanai.Ana bayyana hanya mai ƙarfi azaman hanyar da za ta iya haifar da aminci a cikin kewayon kuskure.Ko da a cikin sauƙi mai sauƙi, ƙayyadadden ƙira da sigina na iya zama ƙalubale.Har sai an ƙayyade ma'anar da ke kaiwa ga abin da aka lura, rikitarwar da ke fitowa na iya zama kamar rikitarwa/mawuyacin warwarewa.Makullin tsari na saita abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin halitta ba shi da tushe a cikin yanayi.Kasancewar hulɗar da ba ta kai tsaye ba na iya rikitar da ƙaƙƙarfan rarrabuwa, don haka ya zama dole a guji hanyoyin da ke yin zato mai ƙarfi game da ainihin rarraba ƙididdiga na haɗin gwiwar bayanai.Maɗaukakin girma da bayanan da ba na kan layi sun zama ruwan dare a cikin nazarin teku kuma suna iya samun tsarin haɗin kai tare da sarƙaƙƙiya, abubuwan da ba na Gaussian ba.Kodayake bayanai tare da tsarin haɗin kai wanda ba na Gaussian ba na iya hana ƙaƙƙarfan rarrabuwa, hanyar SAGE labari ce saboda an ƙirƙira ta don gano gungu tare da topologies na sabani.
Manufar hanyar SAGE ita ce a zahiri gano alamu masu tasowa waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa ƙarin fahimtar muhalli.Bayan tsarin aiki na tushen gungu mai kama da (19), ana amfani da sauye-sauyen yanayin muhalli da na gina jiki don tantance gungu ɗaya tilo a cikin bayanan, wanda ake kira lardin muhalli.Hanyar SAGE da aka tsara a cikin wannan binciken (Hoto 1) na farko yana rage girman girman daga 55 zuwa 11 girma ta hanyar tara ƙungiyoyin aikin plankton da aka ayyana a priori (duba Kayan aiki da Hanyoyi).Yin amfani da hanyar saka makwabcin t-bazuwar (t-SNE), ana ƙara rage girman ta hanyar ƙaddamar da yuwuwar cikin sararin 3D.Tarin da ba a kula da shi ba zai iya gano wuraren da ke kusa da muhalli [Tarin-ganin sararin samaniya (DBSCAN) don aikace-aikacen tushen amo].Dukansu t-SNE da DBSCAN sun dace da bayanan ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga na yanayin halittu marasa layi.Sa'an nan kuma mayar da sakamakon sakamakon lardi a cikin ƙasa.An gano larduna sama da ɗari na musamman na muhalli, waɗanda suka dace da binciken yanki.Domin yin la'akari da daidaitaccen tsarin yanayin halittu na duniya, ana amfani da hanyar SAGE don tara lardunan muhalli zuwa lardunan halittu masu tari (AEP) don inganta tasirin lardunan muhalli.Za'a iya daidaita matakin haɗuwa (wanda ake kira "rikitarwa") zuwa matakin daki-daki da ake buƙata.Ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin rikitarwa na AEP mai ƙarfi.Mayar da hankali na zaɓin shine hanyar SAGE da kuma bincika ƙananan ƙananan matsalolin AEP don ƙayyade iko da tsarin al'umma na gaggawa.Za'a iya nazarin tsarin don samar da fahimtar muhalli.Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyar da aka gabatar a nan don kwatanta ƙirar ƙira sosai, alal misali, ta hanyar kimanta wurare na lardunan muhalli iri ɗaya da aka samu a cikin nau'i daban-daban don nuna bambance-bambance da kamanceceniya, don kwatanta ƙirar.
(A) Zane-zane na tsarin aiki don ƙayyade lardin muhalli;ta yin amfani da jimlar a cikin rukunin aiki don rage ainihin bayanai masu girma 55 zuwa fitowar samfuri mai girma 11, gami da biomass na plankton na aiki/na gina jiki guda bakwai da ƙimar wadatar abinci mai gina jiki huɗu.Ƙimar da ba ta da kyau da kuma wurin rufe kankara mai dorewa.An daidaita bayanan kuma an daidaita su.Samar da bayanai mai girma 11 zuwa t-SNE algorithm don haskaka haɗe-haɗe iri ɗaya na ƙididdiga.DBSCAN za ta zaɓi gungu a hankali don saita ƙimar siga.A ƙarshe aiwatar da bayanan zuwa tsinkayar latitude/longitude.Lura cewa ana maimaita wannan tsari sau 10 saboda ana iya haifar da ɗan bazuwar ta amfani da t-SNE.(B) yayi bayanin yadda ake samun AEP ta maimaita aikin a cikin (A) sau 10.Ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan aiwatarwa guda 10, an ƙaddara matrix ɗin rashin kamanceceniya na lardi Bray-Curtis (BC) dangane da yanayin halittu na nau'ikan phytoplankton 51.Ƙayyade bambancin BC tsakanin larduna, daga sarƙaƙƙiya 1 AEP zuwa cikakken hadaddun 115. Lardin Longhurst ne ya kafa ma'aunin BC.
Hanyar SAGE ta yi amfani da fitarwa na samfurin 3D na duniya na jiki / yanayin yanayi don ayyana lardin muhalli [Darwin (2);duba Kayan aiki da Hanyoyi da Bayanin S1].Abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin sun ƙunshi nau'ikan 35 na phytoplankton da nau'ikan 16 na zooplankton, tare da ƙungiyoyin ayyuka guda bakwai da aka ƙayyade: prokaryotes da eukaryotes waɗanda suka dace da yanayin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, coccidia tare da murfin calcium carbonate, da ƙayyadaddun nitrogen na gina jiki mai nauyi (yawanci bacewa). muhimman abubuwan gina jiki), tare da suturar siliceous, na iya yin wasu photosynthesis na plankton da kiwo gauraye na gina jiki flagellates da zooplankton makiyaya.Girman girman shine 0.6 zuwa 2500μm daidai diamita mai siffar zobe.Rarraba samfurin girman phytoplankton da haɗakar aiki yana ɗaukar halayen gabaɗayan da aka gani a cikin tauraron dan adam da abubuwan lura a cikin wurin (duba Figures S1 zuwa S3).Kamanceceniya tsakanin ƙirar ƙididdiga da tekun da aka gani yana nuna cewa lardunan da aka siffanta ta hanyar ƙila za su iya amfani da tekun cikin wurin.Lura cewa wannan ƙirar tana ɗaukar nau'ikan nau'ikan phytoplankton ne kawai, kuma kawai wasu nau'ikan tilastawa na zahiri da sinadarai na cikin teku.Hanyar SAGE na iya baiwa mutane damar fahimtar tsarin sarrafa yanki sosai na tsarin tsarin al'umma.
Ta haɗa da jimlar halittun sararin samaniya (tare da matsakaicin lokacin shekaru 20) a cikin kowace ƙungiyar aikin plankton, za a iya rage girman bayanan.Bayan binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da suke takawa wajen saita tsarin al'umma, ya kuma haɗa da sharuɗɗan tushen tushen tushen abubuwan gina jiki (samar da nitrogen, baƙin ƙarfe, phosphate da silicic acid) [misali (20, 21)].Ƙimar ƙungiyoyin aiki yana rage matsalar daga 55 (51 plankton da 4 na gina jiki fluxes) zuwa 11 girma.A cikin wannan binciken na farko, saboda ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da aka sanya ta hanyar algorithm, zurfin da sauye-sauyen lokaci ba a yi la'akari da su ba.
Hanyar SAGE tana iya gano mahimmancin alaƙa tsakanin hanyoyin da ba na layi ba da kuma mahimman siffofi na hulɗar tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu aiki da haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki.Amfani da bayanai masu girma 11 dangane da hanyoyin koyan nisa na Euclidean (kamar K-ma'ana) ba zai iya samun amintattun lardunan da za a iya haifuwa ba (19, 22).Wannan saboda ba a sami siffar Gaussian ba a cikin ainihin rarraba haɗin gwiwar mahimman abubuwan da ke ayyana lardin muhalli.K-ma'anar sel Voronoi (layi madaidaiciya) ba zai iya riƙe ainihin rarrabawar gaussian ba.
Halin halittu na ƙungiyoyin ayyuka bakwai na plankton da sauye-sauye na gina jiki guda huɗu suna samar da vector mai girman 11 x.Saboda haka, x filin vector ne akan grid ɗin ƙira, inda kowane kashi xi ke wakiltar vector mai girma 11 da aka ayyana akan grid a kwance samfurin.Kowane fihirisa na musamman yana gano ma'anar grid akan sararin samaniya, inda (lon, lat) = (ϕi, θi).Idan ƙirar ƙirar grid ɗin ƙirar ta ƙasa da 1.2 × 10-3mg Chl/m3 ko ƙimar ɗaukar kankara ta wuce 70%, ana amfani da log na bayanan biomass kuma a jefar da su.An daidaita bayanan kuma an daidaita su, don haka duk bayanan suna cikin kewayon [0 zuwa 1], ana cire ma'anar kuma an daidaita su zuwa bambancin raka'a.Ana yin haka ne domin fasalulluka (biomass da sauyewar abinci mai gina jiki) ba su da iyaka ta hanyar bambance-bambance a cikin kewayon ƙimar ƙima.Ya kamata tari ya kama dangantakar canji daga maɓalli mai nisa mai yiwuwa tsakanin fasalulluka maimakon nisan yanki.Ta hanyar ƙididdige waɗannan nisa, mahimman fasalulluka suna fitowa, yayin da bayanan da ba dole ba ana zubar dasu.Daga ra'ayi na muhalli, wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda wasu nau'ikan phytoplankton tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na iya samun sakamako mafi girma na biochemical, kamar gyaran nitrogen ta kwayoyin diazotrophic.Lokacin daidaitawa da daidaita bayanai, waɗannan nau'ikan covariates za a haskaka su.
Ta hanyar jaddada kusancin fasalulluka a cikin sararin sarari mai girma a cikin ƙananan wakilci, ana amfani da algorithm na t-SNE don bayyana yankuna masu kama da juna.Aiki na baya wanda aka yi niyya don gina hanyoyin sadarwa mai zurfi don aikace-aikacen ji na nesa da aka yi amfani da t-SNE, wanda ya tabbatar da ƙwarewarsa wajen rarraba mahimman fasali (23).Wannan mataki ne da ya zama dole don gano tari mai ƙarfi a cikin bayanan fasalin yayin guje wa mafita marasa daidaituwa (bayanin kula S2).Yin amfani da kernels na Gaussian, t-SNE yana adana kaddarorin kididdiga na bayanan ta hanyar zayyana kowane abu mai girma zuwa matsayi a cikin sararin lokaci na 3D, don haka tabbatar da cewa yuwuwar abubuwa iri ɗaya a cikin manyan da ƙananan kwatance suna da girma a cikin babban - sararin girma (24).Da aka ba da saitin abubuwa masu girman girman N x1,…,xN, t-SNE algorithm yana raguwa ta hanyar rage bambance-bambancen Kullback-Leibler (KL) (25).Bambance-bambancen KL shine ma'auni na yadda bambancin ra'ayi na yiwuwar ya kasance daga rarraba yiwuwar ra'ayi na biyu, kuma yana iya kimanta yiwuwar daidaitawa tsakanin ƙananan ƙananan siffofi na siffofi masu girma.Idan xi shine abu na i-th a cikin sararin N-dimensional, xj shine abun j-th a cikin N-dimensional space, yi shine abu na i-th a cikin ƙananan sarari, yj kuma j-th abu a ƙasa. -dimensional space, sannan t -SNE yana bayyana yuwuwar kamanni ppj∣i = exp(-∥xi-xj∥2/2σi2)∑k≠iexp(-∥xi-xk∥2/2σi2), kuma don saitin rage girman girma q∣j = (1+ ∥ yi-yj∥2)-1∑k≠i(1 +∥yj-yk∥2)-1
Hoto 2A yana misalta tasirin rage ƙwayoyin halitta da abubuwan haɓakar abubuwan gina jiki na haɗuwa mai girma 11 zuwa 3D.Ƙa'idar yin amfani da t-SNE za a iya kwatanta shi tare da dalili na bincike na musamman (PCA), wanda ke amfani da sifa ta bambanta don jaddada yanki / sifa na bayanai, don haka rage girman girma.An gano hanyar t-SNE ta fi PCA wajen samar da tabbataccen sakamako mai iya sakewa ga Ma'aikatar Eco-Ma'aikatar (duba bayanin kula S2).Wannan yana iya zama saboda tunanin kothogonality na PCA bai dace ba don gano ma'amala mai mahimmanci tsakanin fasalulluka masu ma'amala mara kyau, saboda PCA yana mai da hankali kan tsarin haɗin kai na madaidaiciya (26).Yin amfani da bayanan ji na nesa, Lunga et al.(27) yana kwatanta yadda ake amfani da hanyar SNE don haskaka hadaddun sifofi masu ban sha'awa da mara kyau waɗanda suka bambanta daga rarraba Gaussian.
(A) Ƙirar samar da abinci mai ƙima, phytoplankton da zooplankton ƙungiyar aikin biomass waɗanda aka zana ta hanyar t-SNE algorithm kuma mai launi ta lardi ta amfani da DBSCAN.Kowane batu yana wakiltar maki a cikin sararin sararin samaniya, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 6B, yawancin maki an kama su.Shafts suna nufin "t-SNE" masu girma dabam 1, 2 da 3. (B) Hasashen yanki na lardin da DBSCAN ta samu akan grid-longitude na asalin.Ya kamata a ɗauki launi a matsayin kowane launi, amma ya dace da (A).
Makiyoyin da ke cikin t-SNE na watsawa a cikin Hoto 2A suna da alaƙa da latitude da longitude bi da bi.Idan maki biyun da ke cikin Hoto na 2A suna kusa da juna, saboda yanayin yanayin halittarsu da na gina jiki sun yi kama da juna, ba saboda kusancin yanki ba.Launukan da ke cikin Hoto 2A gungu ne da aka gano ta amfani da hanyar DBSCAN (28).Lokacin neman manyan abubuwan lura, DBSCAN algorithm yana amfani da nisa a cikin wakilcin 3D tsakanin maki (ϵ = 0.39; don bayani game da wannan zaɓi, duba Kayan aiki da Hanyoyi), kuma ana buƙatar adadin maki iri ɗaya don ayyana tari (a nan). maki 100, don Allah a duba sama).Hanyar DBSCAN ba ta yin wani zato game da siffa ko adadin gungu a cikin bayanan, kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa:
3) Don duk wuraren da aka gano suna cikin nisa a cikin, maimaita mataki na 2 akai-akai don ƙayyade iyakar tari.Idan adadin maki ya fi ƙaƙƙarfan ƙimar da aka saita, an sanya shi azaman tari.
Bayanan da ba su dace da ƙaramin mamba na gungu ba da nisa ϵ metric ana ɗaukarsa “amo” kuma ba a sanya masa launi ba.DBSCAN algorithm ne mai sauri kuma mai ƙima tare da aikin O(n2) a cikin mafi munin yanayi.Don bincike na yanzu, ba ainihin bazuwar ba ne.Ƙimar ƙwararru ta ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin adadin maki.Bayan daidaita nisa bayan, sakamakon bai isa ba a cikin kewayon ≈± 10.An saita wannan nisa ta amfani da haɗin kai (Hoto 6A) da yawan ɗaukar teku (Hoto 6B).An ayyana haɗin kai azaman haɗaɗɗun adadin tari kuma yana kula da sigar ϵ.Ƙananan haɗin kai yana nuna rashin dacewa, haɗa yankuna tare.Babban haɗin kai yana nuna wuce gona da iri.Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da mafi girma mafi girma, amma idan mafi ƙarancin ya wuce ca, ba shi yiwuwa a cimma ingantaccen bayani.135 (Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai, duba Materials da Hanyoyi).
Rukunin gungu 115 da aka gano a cikin hoto na 2A ana hasashe su koma ƙasa a hoto na 2B.Kowane launi ya yi daidai da haɗin haɗin kai na biochemical da abubuwan muhalli wanda DBSCAN ta gano.Da zarar an ƙayyade gungu, ana amfani da haɗin kowane batu a cikin Hoto 2A tare da takamaiman latitude da longitude don aiwatar da gungu zuwa yankin yanki.Hoto na 2B yana misalta wannan tare da launukan tari iri ɗaya kamar Hoto 2A.Bai kamata a fassara irin waɗannan launuka a matsayin kamancen mahalli ba, saboda an sanya su ta tsari wanda algorithm ya gano gungu.
Wurin da ke cikin Hoto na 2B na iya zama daidai da wani yanki da aka kafa a zahiri da/ko nazarin halittu na teku.Misali, gungu a cikin Tekun Kudu suna da simmetrical, tare da oligotrophic vortices suna bayyana, kuma ƙayyadaddun sauye-sauye na nuna tasirin iskar kasuwanci.Misali, a cikin equatorial Pacific, ana ganin yankuna daban-daban da suka shafi tashin.
Don fahimtar yanayin muhalli na Eco-Lardin, an yi amfani da bambancin Bray-Curtis (BC) bambance-bambancen index (29) don kimanta yanayin halittu a cikin tari.Alamar BC bayanan ƙididdiga ce da ake amfani da ita don ƙididdige bambancin tsarin al'umma tsakanin shafuka daban-daban guda biyu.Ma'auni na BC yana da amfani ga biomass na nau'ikan 51 na phytoplankton da zooplankton BCninj = 1-2CninjSni + Snj
BCninj yana nufin kamanceceniya tsakanin haɗin ni da haɗin nj, inda Cninj shine mafi ƙarancin ƙimar nau'in biomass guda ɗaya wanda ke wanzuwa a cikin duka haɗin ni da nj, kuma Sni yana wakiltar jimlar duk abubuwan da ke wanzuwa a cikin duka haɗin ni da Snj.Bambancin BC yayi kama da ma'aunin nisa, amma yana aiki a cikin sararin samaniyar da ba Euclidean ba, wanda wataƙila ya fi dacewa da bayanan muhalli da fassararsa.
Ga kowane gungu da aka gano a cikin Hoto na 2B, ana iya tantance kamancen tsakanin lardi da lardunan BC.Bambancin BC a cikin lardi yana nufin bambanci tsakanin matsakaicin darajar lardin da kowane maki a lardin.Bambanci tsakanin lardunan BC yana nufin kamanceceniya tsakanin larduna ɗaya da sauran larduna.Hoto na 3A yana nuna matrix na BC mai ma'ana (0, baƙar fata: gaba ɗaya daidai; 1, fari: gaba ɗaya maras kama).Kowane layi a cikin jadawali yana nuna tsari a cikin bayanan.Hoto na 3B yana nuna mahimmancin yanki na sakamakon BC a cikin hoto na 3A na kowane lardi.Ga lardin da ke da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, Hoto na 3B ya nuna cewa ma'auni na manyan wuraren da ke kusa da equator da Tekun Indiya suna da kamanceceniya, amma mafi girman latitudes da wuraren haɓaka sun bambanta sosai.
(A) Matsayin bambance-bambancen BC da aka kimanta ga kowane lardi dangane da matsakaicin matsakaicin shekaru 20 na duniya na 51 plankton.Kula da daidaitattun dabi'u da ake tsammanin.(B) Hasashen sarari na ginshiƙi (ko jere).Don lardi a cikin da'irar dystrophic, an kimanta rarrabawar duniya na ma'aunin kamanni na BC, kuma an kimanta matsakaicin shekaru 20 na duniya.Baƙar fata (BC = 0) yana nufin yanki ɗaya, kuma fari (BC = 1) yana nufin babu kamanni.
Hoto na 4A yana kwatanta bambancin BC a cikin kowace lardi a cikin hoto na 2B.Ƙaddara ta hanyar amfani da matsakaicin haɗin matsakaici na yanki a cikin gungu, da kuma ƙayyade rashin daidaituwa tsakanin BC da ma'anar kowane ma'anar grid a lardin, yana nuna cewa hanyar SAGE za ta iya raba nau'in nau'in 51 bisa ga kamannin muhalli Nau'in. samfurin data.Matsakaicin matsakaicin gungu BC rashin kamanni na duk nau'ikan 51 shine 0.102± 0.0049.
(A, B, da D) Ana ƙididdige bambancin BC a cikin lardin a matsayin matsakaicin bambancin BC tsakanin kowace al'umma mai grid da matsakaicin lardi, kuma ba a rage rikitarwa ba.(2) Matsakaicin matsakaicin intra-lardi BC bambanci na duniya shine 0.227± 0.117.Wannan shi ne ma'auni na rarrabuwar tushen motsawar muhalli ta wannan aikin [layin kore a cikin (C)].(C) Matsakaicin bambanci tsakanin lardi BC: Layin baƙar fata yana wakiltar bambance-bambancen tsakanin lardi BC tare da ƙara rikitarwa.2σ ya zo daga maimaitawa 10 na tsarin tantance yanayin lardin.Domin jimillar hadaddun lardunan da DBSCAN ta gano, (A) ya nuna cewa bambancin BC a lardin shine 0.099, kuma rarrabuwar kayyadewar (C) shine 12, wanda ya haifar da bambancin BC na 0.200 a lardin.kamar yadda hoton ya nuna.(D).
A cikin Hoto na 4B, ana amfani da yanayin halittu na nau'ikan plankton 51 don wakiltar daidaitaccen bambancin BC a lardin Longhurst.Matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane lardi shine 0.227, kuma madaidaicin madaidaicin maki grid dangane da bambanci a lardin BC shine 0.046.Wannan ya fi girma fiye da gungu da aka gano a hoto na 1B.Madadin haka, ta yin amfani da jimillar ƙungiyoyin ayyuka guda bakwai, matsakaicin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin lokacin BC a Longhurst ya ƙaru zuwa 0.232.
Taswirar lardunan muhalli ta duniya tana ba da cikakkun bayanai na musamman na mu'amalar muhalli da kuma ingantawa ta hanyar amfani da dukkan tsarin muhallin lardin Longhurst.Ana sa ran ma'aikatar ilimin halittu za ta ba da haske game da tsarin sarrafa yanayin yanayin ƙima, kuma wannan fahimtar za ta taimaka wajen binciken aikin filin.Don manufar wannan bincike, ba zai yiwu a nuna cikakken larduna sama da ɗari ba.Sashe na gaba yana gabatar da hanyar SAGE wanda ke taƙaita larduna.
Daya daga cikin manufofin lardin shi ne inganta fahimtar wuri da gudanar da lardin.Don tantance al'amuran gaggawa, hanyar da ke cikin Hoto 1B ta kwatanta gidauniyar larduna masu kama da muhalli.An haɗa lardunan muhalli tare bisa kamanceceniyar muhalli, kuma ana kiran irin wannan rukunin larduna AEP.Saita “rikitarwa” mai daidaitawa bisa jimillar adadin lardunan da za a yi la’akari da su.Ana amfani da kalmar "rikitarwa" saboda yana ba da damar daidaita matakin halayen gaggawa.Don ma'anar tarawa mai ma'ana, matsakaicin matsakaicin tsaka-tsakin BC na 0.227 daga Longhurst ana amfani dashi azaman ma'auni.A ƙasan wannan maƙasudin, haɗaɗɗun lardunan ba su da amfani.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 3B, lardunan muhallin duniya suna da daidaituwa.Yin amfani da bambance-bambancen tsakanin lardunan BC, ana iya ganin cewa wasu jeri suna "na kowa".Ƙwararru ta hanyar ilimin gado da hanyoyin ka'idar jadawali, ana amfani da "haɗaɗɗen jadawali" don rarraba> larduna 100 dangane da lardunan da suka fi kama da su.Ma'aunin "haɗin kai" anan an ƙaddara ta amfani da rashin kamanceceniya tsakanin lardunan BC (30).Adadin lardunan da ke da sararin sarari don rarraba> larduna 100 ana iya kiran su a nan a matsayin rikitarwa.AEP samfuri ne wanda ya kayyade larduna sama da 100 a matsayin lardunan muhalli mafi rinjaye/masu kusa.Kowane lardi na muhalli an sanya shi zuwa mafi rinjaye/maɗaukakin lardi na muhalli wanda ya fi kama da su.Wannan tarawa da aka ƙayyade ta BC bambamci yana ba da damar ƙayyadaddun tsarin kula da muhallin duniya.
Ƙididdigar da aka zaɓa na iya zama kowace ƙima daga 1 zuwa cikakkiyar hadaddun FIG.2A.A ƙananan hadaddun, AEP na iya raguwa saboda matakin rage girman girma (t-SNE).Rashin lalacewa yana nufin cewa za a iya sanya lardunan muhalli zuwa AEPs daban-daban tsakanin maimaitawa, ta yadda za su canza yankin da aka rufe.Hoto na 4C yana misalta yaduwar bambance-bambancen BC a cikin larduna a cikin AEPs na haɓaka rikitarwa a cikin aiwatarwa 10 (hoto a cikin Hoto 1B).A cikin Hoto 4C, 2σ (yankin shuɗi) shine ma'auni na lalacewa a cikin aiwatarwa 10, kuma layin kore yana wakiltar alamar Longhurst.Gaskiyar gaskiya sun tabbatar da cewa rikitarwa na 12 na iya kiyaye bambancin BC a cikin lardin da ke ƙasa da ma'auni na Longhurst a cikin duk aiwatarwa da kuma kula da ƙananan lalata 2σ.A taƙaice, ƙaramin ƙayyadaddun da aka ba da shawarar shine 12 AEPs, kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin bambance-bambancen tsakanin lardi BC da aka kimanta ta amfani da nau'ikan plankton 51 shine 0.198± 0.013, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 4D.Yin amfani da jimlar ƙungiyoyin ayyuka bakwai na plankton, matsakaicin bambancin BC a cikin lardin shine 2σ maimakon 0.198±0.004.Kwatanta tsakanin bambance-bambancen BC da aka lissafta tare da jimillar biomass na ƙungiyoyin aiki guda bakwai ko biomass na duk nau'ikan plankton 51 ya nuna cewa duk da cewa hanyar SAGE ta dace da yanayin 51-girma, yana da jimillar biomass na ƙungiyoyin aiki guda bakwai. Domin horo.
Dangane da manufar kowane bincike, ana iya la'akari da matakan rikitarwa daban-daban.Karatun yanki na iya buƙatar cikakken rikitarwa (watau duk larduna 115).A matsayin misali kuma don bayyanawa, yi la'akari da ƙaramin shawarar da aka ba da shawarar na 12.
A matsayin misali na amfanin hanyar SAGE, ana amfani da 12 AEPs tare da ƙananan ƙananan 12 a nan don bincika ikon tsarin al'umma na gaggawa.Hoto na 5 yana kwatanta fahimtar yanayin muhalli wanda AEP ya tara (daga A zuwa L): A cikin Redfield stoichiometry, gwargwadon yanayin ƙasa (Hoto 5C), abun da ke tattare da ƙungiyar halittu masu aiki (Hoto 5A) da wadatar abinci (Hoto 5B) ana yin su ta hanyar N Zoomed.Ana nuna rabon (N:Si:P:Fe, 1:1:16:16×103).Don rukunin na ƙarshe, P ya ninka ta 16 kuma Fe ya ninka ta 16 × 103, don haka ginshiƙi na mashaya daidai yake da buƙatun abinci na phytoplankton.
An rarraba larduna zuwa 12 AEPs A zuwa L. (A) Biomass (mgC/m3) na muhalli a larduna 12.(B) Yawan narkar da sinadiran narkar da nitrogen inorganic (N), baƙin ƙarfe (Fe), phosphate (P) da silicic acid (Si) (mmol/m3 a kowace shekara).Fe da P ana ninka su ta 16 da 16×103, bi da bi, ta yadda za a daidaita ramukan zuwa buƙatun stoichiometry na phytoplankton.(C) Lura da bambance-bambancen tsakanin yankunan polar, cyclones na wurare masu zafi da manyan yankuna na yanayi/tashi.An yiwa tashoshin sa ido alamar kamar haka: 1, KUJIRA;2, ALLAH;3, tasha P;da 4, BATS.
AEP ɗin da aka gano na musamman ne.Akwai ma'auni a kusa da equator a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Pasifik, kuma yanki mai kama da haka amma yana da girma a cikin Tekun Indiya.Wasu AEPs sun rungumi gefen yammacin nahiyar da ke da alaƙa da hawan.Yankin Kudu Pole Circumpolar Yanzu ana ɗaukarsa azaman babban fasalin shiyya.Guguwar ƙasa da ƙasa rikiɗa ce ta Oligotrophic AEP.A cikin waɗannan larduna, sanannen nau'in bambance-bambancen halittu masu rai tsakanin vortices oligotrophic da plankton ya mamaye da yankuna masu wadatar polar diatom a bayyane yake.
AEPs masu kama da jimillar phytoplankton biomass na iya samun tsarin al'umma daban-daban kuma suna rufe yankuna daban-daban, kamar D, H, da K, waɗanda suke da jimillar phytoplankton biomass iri ɗaya.AEP H galibi yana cikin Tekun Indiya na equatorial, kuma akwai ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta diazotrophic.Ana samun AEP D a cikin kwanduna da yawa, amma ya shahara musamman a cikin Tekun Pasifik a kusa da wuraren da ake samun yawan amfanin ƙasa a kusa da haɓakar equatorial.Siffar wannan lardin Pasifik tana da kwatankwacin jirgin kasan igiyar ruwa.Akwai 'yan diazobacteria a cikin AEP D, da ƙarin mazugi.Idan aka kwatanta da sauran larduna biyu, AEP K ana samunsa ne kawai a tsaunukan Tekun Arctic, kuma akwai ƙarin diatoms da ƙananan planktons.Yana da kyau a lura cewa adadin plankton a cikin waɗannan yankuna uku ma ya bambanta sosai.A cikin su, yawancin plankton na AEP K yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, yayin da na AEP D da H ya yi yawa.Saboda haka, duk da yanayin halittarsu (saboda haka kama da Chl-a), waɗannan larduna sun bambanta sosai: Gwajin lardi na Chl na iya ƙila kama waɗannan bambance-bambance.
Hakanan a bayyane yake cewa wasu AEPs masu nau'in halitta daban-daban na iya zama iri ɗaya dangane da tsarin al'umma na phytoplankton.Misali, ana iya ganin wannan a cikin AEP D da E. Suna kusa da juna, kuma a cikin Tekun Pasifik, AEP E yana kusa da AEPJ mai fa'ida sosai.Hakazalika, babu wata bayyananniyar hanyar haɗi tsakanin phytoplankton biomass da yalwar zooplankton.
Ana iya fahimtar AEP dangane da abubuwan gina jiki da aka ba su (Hoto 5B).Diatoms suna wanzuwa ne kawai a inda aka sami wadataccen wadatar silicic acid.Gabaɗaya, mafi girma samar da silicic acid, mafi girma da biomass na diatoms.Ana iya ganin diatoms a cikin AEP A, J, K da L. Matsakaicin diatom biomass dangane da sauran phytoplankton an ƙaddara ta N, P da Fe da aka bayar dangane da buƙatun diatom.Misali, AEP L ya mamaye diatoms.Idan aka kwatanta da sauran abubuwan gina jiki, Si yana da mafi girma wadata.Sabanin haka, duk da yawan yawan aiki, AEP J yana da ƙarancin diatoms da ƙarancin wadatar siliki (duk kuma dangane da sauran abubuwan gina jiki).
Kwayoyin Diazonium suna da ikon gyara nitrogen, amma suna girma a hankali (31).Suna zama tare da sauran phytoplankton, inda baƙin ƙarfe da phosphorus ya wuce gona da iri dangane da buƙatar abubuwan gina jiki marasa diazonium (20, 21).Ya kamata a lura da cewa diazotrophic biomass yana da girma sosai, kuma samar da Fe da P yana da girma dangane da samar da N. Ta wannan hanya, kodayake jimillar kwayoyin halitta a cikin AEP J ya fi girma, diazonium biomass a cikin AEP H. Ya fi wannan girma a cikin J. Lura cewa AEP J da H sun bambanta a yanayin ƙasa, kuma H yana cikin Tekun Indiya na equatorial.
Idan ba a rarraba tsarin tsarin muhalli na musamman zuwa larduna ba, fahimtar da aka samu daga mafi ƙasƙanci mafi ƙasƙanci na AEP 12 ba za su bayyana ba.AEP ɗin da SAGE ya ƙirƙira yana sauƙaƙe daidaita daidaituwa da kwatancen lokaci ɗaya na hadaddun bayanai masu girma da girma daga samfuran yanayin muhalli.AEP yadda ya kamata ya jaddada dalilin da yasa Chl ba hanya ce mai kyau ba kuma madadin hanya don tantance tsarin al'umma ko yalwar zooplankton a matakan gina jiki mafi girma.Cikakken bincike kan batutuwan bincike da ke gudana ya wuce iyakar wannan labarin.Hanyar SAGE tana ba da hanyar da za a binciko wasu hanyoyin da ke cikin samfurin wanda ya fi sauƙi don sarrafawa fiye da kallo-zuwa-aya.
Hanyar SAGE an gabatar da ita don taimakawa wajen fayyace madaidaicin rikitattun bayanai na muhalli daga nau'ikan lambobi na zahiri/biogeochemical/ecosystem na duniya.An ƙaddara lardin muhalli ta jimillar biomass na ƙungiyoyin ayyuka na giciye-plankton, aikace-aikacen rage girman girman algorithm na t-SNE da tari ta amfani da hanyar ML mara kulawa ta DBSCAN.Ana amfani da bambancin ra'ayi/ka'idar jadawali na BC don samun ingantaccen AEP wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don fassarar duniya.Dangane da gine-gine, Lardin Eco da AEP na musamman ne.Za a iya daidaita ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun lardi na asali da mafi ƙarancin ƙima na 12 AEPs.Nesting da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙarancin AEP ana ɗaukarsu azaman mahimman matakai, saboda yuwuwar t-SNE yana lalata AEPs na <12 hadaddun.Hanyar SAGE ita ce ta duniya, kuma nauyinsa ya fito daga> 100 AEPs zuwa 12. Don sauƙi, abin da ake mayar da hankali a halin yanzu yana da mahimmanci na 12 AEPs na duniya.Bincike na gaba, musamman nazarin yanki, na iya samun ɗan ƙaramin yanki na lardunan muhallin duniya masu amfani, kuma ana iya haɗa su a cikin ƙaramin yanki don cin gajiyar fahimtar yanayin yanayin da aka tattauna anan.Yana ba da shawarwari kan yadda za a iya amfani da waɗannan lardunan muhalli da kuma fahimtar da aka samu daga gare su don ƙarin fahimtar muhalli, sauƙaƙe kwatancen samfuri, da yuwuwar inganta sa ido kan yanayin yanayin teku.
Lardin muhalli da AEP da aka gano ta hanyar SAGE sun dogara ne akan bayanan da ke cikin ƙirar ƙira.Ta hanyar ma'anar, ƙirar ƙididdiga wani tsari ne mai sauƙi, ƙoƙarin kama ainihin tsarin da aka yi niyya, kuma samfura daban-daban za su sami nau'ikan rarraba plankton daban-daban.Samfurin lambobi da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan binciken ba zai iya cika wasu abubuwan da aka lura ba (misali, a cikin kididdigar Chl na yankin equatorial da Kudancin Tekun Kudu).Kadan daga cikin bambance-bambancen da ke cikin ainihin teku ne kawai aka kama, kuma meso da ƙananan mesoscales ba za a iya warware su ba, wanda zai iya shafar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki da ƙananan tsarin al'umma.Duk da waɗannan gazawar, ya bayyana cewa AEP yana da matukar amfani wajen taimakawa wajen fahimtar hadaddun samfura.Ta hanyar kimanta inda aka sami irin waɗannan lardunan muhalli, AEP tana ba da yuwuwar kayan aikin kwatanta ƙima.Nau'in ƙididdiga na yanzu yana ɗaukar tsarin gabaɗayan ji na nesa na phytoplankton Chl-a maida hankali da rarraba girman plankton da ƙungiyar aiki (Lura S1 da Hoto S1) (2, 32).
Kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar layin kwane-kwane na 0.1 mgChl-a/m-3, an raba AEP zuwa yankin oligotrophic da yankin mesotrophic (Hoto S1B): AEP B, C, D, E, F da G sune wuraren oligotrophic, kuma sauran wuraren sune. dake Higher Chl-a.AEP yana nuna wasu wasiƙu tare da Lardin Longhurst (Hoto S3A), misali, Tekun Kudu da Pacific equatorial.A wasu yankuna, AEP ya ƙunshi yankuna Longhurst da yawa, kuma akasin haka.Tunda aniyar raba larduna a wannan yanki da Longhurst ya sha bamban, ana sa ran za a samu bambance-bambance.Yawancin AEPs a cikin lardin Longhurst suna nuna cewa wasu wurare masu kama da ilimin kimiyyar halittu na iya samun mabanbanta tsarin yanayin muhalli.AEP yana nuna wasu wasiku tare da jihohi na zahiri, kamar yadda aka bayyana ta amfani da koyo mara kulawa (19), kamar a cikin manyan jihohi masu tasowa (misali, Tekun Kudancin da Pacific equatorial; Hoto S3, C da D).Waɗannan wasiƙun suna nuna cewa tsarin al'umma na plankton yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi ta hanyar kuzarin teku.A yankuna irin su Arewacin Atlantika, AEP ta ratsa lardunan zahiri.Hanyar da ke haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambance na iya haɗawa da matakai irin su safarar ƙura, wanda zai iya haifar da shirye-shiryen abinci mai gina jiki daban-daban ko da a cikin yanayin jiki iri ɗaya.
Ma'aikatar ilimin halittu da AEP sun nuna cewa yin amfani da Chl kadai ba zai iya gano abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli ba, kamar yadda al'umman halittun ruwa suka riga sun gane.Ana ganin wannan a cikin AEPs masu kama da halittu masu kama da halitta amma mabanbanta yanayin muhalli (kamar D da E).Sabanin haka, AEPs irin su D da K suna da nau'in halitta daban-daban amma nau'ikan muhalli iri ɗaya.AEP yana jaddada cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin biomass, tsarin muhalli da yalwar zooplankton yana da rikitarwa.Misali, ko da yake AEP J ya yi fice ta fuskar phytoplankton da plankton biomass, AEP's A da L suna da irin wannan biomass na plankton, amma A yana da wadatar plankton mafi girma.AEP ya jaddada cewa phytoplankton biomass (ko Chl) ba za a iya amfani da shi don hango ko hasashen biomass na zooplankton ba.Zooplankton shine tushen sarkar abincin kifi, kuma ingantattun ƙididdiga na iya haifar da ingantaccen sarrafa albarkatun.Tauraron dan adam launi na gaba [misali, PACE (plankton, aerosol, girgije, da yanayin yanayin ruwa)] na iya zama mafi kyawun matsayi don taimakawa kimanta tsarin al'umma na phytoplankton.Yin amfani da hasashen AEP na iya yuwuwar sauƙaƙe kimanta zooplankton daga sararin samaniya.Hanyoyi kamar SAGE, haɗe tare da sabbin fasahohi, da ƙarin bayanan filin da ake samu don binciken gaskiya na ƙasa (kamar Tara da bincike na bin diddigi), na iya ɗaukar mataki tare don sa ido kan lafiyar muhalli na tushen tauraron dan adam.
Hanyar SAGE tana ba da ingantacciyar hanya don kimanta wasu hanyoyin da ke sarrafa halayen lardi, kamar biomass/Chl, samar da farko na net, da tsarin al'umma.Misali, an saita adadin dangin diatoms ta rashin daidaituwa a cikin wadatar Si, N, P, da Fe dangane da buƙatun stoichiometric phytoplankton.A daidaitaccen adadin wadata, al'umma sun mamaye diatoms (L).Lokacin da adadin kayan aiki bai daidaita ba (wato, samar da siliki ya yi ƙasa da buƙatun sinadirai na diatoms), diatoms suna lissafin ƙaramin yanki ne kawai Share (K).Lokacin da samar da Fe da P ya wuce samar da N (misali, E da H), kwayoyin diazotrophic zasu girma da karfi.Ta hanyar mahallin da AEP ya bayar, binciken hanyoyin sarrafawa zai zama mafi amfani.
Lardin Eco da AEP yankuna ne masu irin tsarin al'umma.Za a iya ɗaukar jerin lokaci daga wani wuri a cikin lardin muhalli ko AEP azaman wurin tunani kuma yana iya wakiltar yankin da lardin muhalli ko AEP ke rufe.Tashoshin sa ido na dogon lokaci akan yanar gizo suna ba da irin wannan jerin lokaci.Saitunan bayanai na dogon lokaci a cikin wurin za su ci gaba da taka rawar da ba za a iya ƙididdigewa ba.Daga yanayin kulawa da tsarin al'umma, ana iya ganin hanyar SAGE a matsayin hanyar da za ta taimaka wajen ƙayyade wuri mafi amfani na sababbin shafuka.Misali, jerin lokaci daga ƙididdigar mazaunin oligotrophic na dogon lokaci (ALOHA) yana cikin AEP B na yankin oligotrophic (Hoto 5C, lakabin 2).Saboda ALOHA yana kusa da iyakar wani AEP, jerin lokaci bazai zama wakilin yankin gaba ɗaya ba, kamar yadda aka nuna a baya (33).A cikin AEP B iri ɗaya, jerin lokutan SEATS (Tsarin Lokacin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya) yana kudu maso yammacin Taiwan (34), nesa da iyakokin sauran AEPs (Hoto 5C, lakabin 1), kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman wuri mafi kyau don saka idanu. AEPB.Tsarin lokaci na BATS (Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Study) (Hoto 5C, lakabin 4) a cikin AEPC yana kusa da iyaka tsakanin AEP C da F, wanda ke nuna cewa saka idanu AEP C ta amfani da jerin lokutan BATS na iya zama matsala kai tsaye.Tashar P a AEP J (Hoto 5C, lakabin 3) yayi nisa da iyakar AEP, don haka ya fi wakilci.Lardin Eco da AEP na iya taimakawa wajen kafa tsarin sa ido da ya dace don tantance canje-canjen duniya, saboda izinin larduna don tantance inda samfurin kan yanar gizo zai iya ba da mahimman bayanai.Hanyar SAGE za a iya ƙara haɓaka don yin amfani da bayanan yanayi don tantance sauye-sauyen adana lokaci.
Ana samun nasarar hanyar SAGE ta hanyar yin amfani da hankali na kimiyyar bayanai/hanyoyin ML da takamaiman yanki.Musamman, ana amfani da t-SNE don aiwatar da raguwar girma, wanda ke adana tsarin haɗin kai na manyan bayanai masu girma da sauƙaƙe hangen nesa na topology covariance.An tsara bayanan a cikin nau'i na ratsi da haɗin kai (Hoto 2A), yana nuna cewa matakan tushen nesa zalla (kamar K-ma'ana) ba su dace ba saboda yawanci suna amfani da rarraba tushen Gaussian (da'irar) (wanda aka tattauna a bayanin kula S2) .Hanyar DBSCAN ta dace da kowane nau'in topology covariance.Muddin kun mai da hankali ga saita sigogi, ana iya ba da ingantaccen ganewa.Farashin ƙididdiga na t-SNE algorithm yana da girma, wanda ke iyakance aikace-aikacen sa na yanzu zuwa babban adadin bayanai, wanda ke nufin yana da wuya a yi amfani da shi zuwa wurare masu zurfi ko bambancin lokaci.Ana ci gaba da aiki akan sikelin t-SNE.Tun da nisa na KL yana da sauƙin daidaitawa, t-SNE algorithm yana da kyakkyawar damar haɓakawa a nan gaba (35).Ya zuwa yanzu, sauran hanyoyin rage girman girman da za su iya rage girman sun haɗa da haɗe-haɗe da dabarun ƙima da tsinkaya (UMAP), amma kimantawa cikin mahallin bayanan teku ya zama dole.Ma'anar ingantacciyar ma'auni shine, alal misali, rarraba yanayin duniya ko samfura masu rikitarwa daban-daban akan gauraye mai gauraye.Yankunan da SAGE suka kasa rarraba su a kowace lardin ana iya ɗaukar su azaman sauran ɗigon baƙar fata a cikin Hoto 2A.A geographically, waɗannan yankuna galibi suna cikin yankuna na yanayi sosai, wanda ke nuna cewa ɗaukar lardunan muhalli waɗanda ke canzawa kan lokaci zai samar da mafi kyawun ɗaukar hoto.
Don gina hanyar SAGE, an yi amfani da ra'ayoyin daga tsarin hadaddun tsarin / kimiyyar bayanai, ta yin amfani da ikon ƙayyade gungu na ƙungiyoyi masu aiki (yiwuwar kasancewa kusa sosai a cikin sararin samaniya na 11) da kuma ƙayyade larduna.Waɗannan lardunan suna nuna takamaiman juzu'i a cikin sararin lokaci na 3D t-SNE.Hakazalika, ana iya amfani da ɓangaren Poincaré don kimanta "ƙarar" na sararin samaniyar da ke cikin yanayin don sanin halin "al'ada" ko "hargitsi" (36).Don fitowar ƙirar ƙira mai girma 11, ƙarar da aka shagaltar da ita bayan an juyar da bayanai zuwa sararin lokaci na 3D ana iya yin bayanin irin wannan.Dangantakar da ke tsakanin yanki da yanki a cikin sararin lokaci na 3D ba mai sauƙi ba ne, amma ana iya bayyana shi dangane da kamanni na muhalli.Saboda wannan dalili, an fi son ma'aunin rashin kamanta BC na al'ada.
Aiki na gaba zai sake amfani da hanyar SAGE don canza bayanai na lokaci-lokaci don tantance bambancin sararin samaniya na lardunan da aka gano da AEP.Manufar nan gaba ita ce a yi amfani da wannan hanya don taimakawa wajen tantance ko wane larduna za a iya tantance ta hanyar auna tauraron dan adam (kamar Chl-a, hangen nesa mai nisa da yanayin yanayin teku).Wannan zai ba da damar kima mai nisa na abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da kuma sa ido sosai kan lardunan muhalli da bambancinsu.
Manufar wannan bincike shine gabatar da hanyar SAGE, wanda ke bayyana lardin muhalli ta hanyar tsarin al'umma na musamman na plankton.Anan, za a samar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da samfurin zahiri/biogeochemical/ecosystem da kuma zaɓin siga na t-SNE da DBSCAN algorithms.
Abubuwan da ke cikin jiki na samfurin sun fito ne daga kimantawa na wurare dabam dabam na teku da yanayi [ECCOv4;(37) Ƙididdiga na ƙasashen duniya da aka bayyana ta (38).Ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa na ƙididdiga na jihohi shine 1/5.Ana amfani da mafi ƙarancin murabba'ai tare da hanyar ninka Lagrangian don samun yanayin farko da iyaka da sigogin ƙirar ƙirar ciki waɗanda aka daidaita ta hanyar lura, ta haka ne ke samar da tsarin sake zagayowar MIT na kyauta (MITgcm) (39), ƙirar Bayan haɓakawa, sakamakon zai iya. a sa ido a lura.
Biogeochemistry/tsarin halittu yana da cikakken bayanin (watau equations da siga) a cikin (2).Samfurin yana ɗaukar kewayawar C, N, P, Si da Fe ta tafkunan inorganic da na halitta.Sigar da aka yi amfani da ita a nan ta haɗa da nau'ikan 35 na phytoplankton: nau'ikan microprokaryotes 2 da nau'ikan microeukaryotes 2 (wanda ya dace da yanayin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki), nau'ikan 5 na Cryptomonas sphaeroides (tare da murfin calcium carbonate), 5 nau'in diazonium (Za a iya gyara nitrogen, don haka ba a iyakance ba) samun narkar da nitrogen inorganic), 11 diatoms (forming siliceous cover), 10 gauraye-vegetative flagellates (iya photosynthesize da kuma ci sauran plankton) da kuma 16 Zooplankton (kiwo a kan sauran plankton).Ana kiran waɗannan "ƙungiyoyin aiki na biogeochemical" saboda suna da tasiri daban-daban akan nazarin halittu na ruwa (40, 41) kuma galibi ana amfani da su a cikin dubawa da nazarin samfurin.A cikin wannan ƙirar, kowace ƙungiya mai aiki tana kunshe da planktons masu girma dabam dabam dabam, tare da tazarar 0.6 zuwa 2500 μm daidai da diamita.
Siffofin da ke shafar haɓakar phytoplankton, kiwo da nutsewa suna da alaƙa da girma, kuma akwai takamaiman bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙungiyoyin aikin phytoplankton shida (32).Duk da tsarin jiki daban-daban, an yi amfani da sakamakon 51 na plankton na samfurin a yawancin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan (42-44).
Daga 1992 zuwa 2011, tsarin haɗin gwiwar jiki/biogeochemical/ecosystem coupling model ya yi aiki tsawon shekaru 20.Fitowar samfurin ya haɗa da biomass na plankton, ƙaddamar da abinci mai gina jiki da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki (DIN, PO4, Si da Fe).A cikin wannan binciken, an yi amfani da matsakaicin shekaru 20 na waɗannan abubuwan a matsayin shigar da Lardin Muhalli.Chl, rarraba biomass na plankton da tattarawar abinci mai gina jiki da rarraba ƙungiyoyi masu aiki ana kwatanta su tare da tauraron dan adam da abubuwan gani a cikin wurin [duba (2, 44), bayanin kula S1 da adadi.S1 zuwa S3].
Don hanyar SAGE, babban tushen bazuwar ya fito ne daga matakin t-SNE.Randomness yana hana maimaitawa, wanda ke nufin cewa sakamakon ba abin dogaro bane.Hanyar SAGE tana gwada ƙarfin ƙarfi ta hanyar tantance saitin sigogi na t-SNE da DBSCAN, waɗanda za su iya gano gungu akai-akai idan aka maimaita su.Ƙaddamar da "rikicin" na ma'aunin t-SNE za a iya fahimtar shi azaman ƙayyade matakin da taswirar taswira daga babba zuwa ƙananan girma ya kamata ya mutunta halayen gida ko na duniya na bayanan.Ya kai rudani na 400 da 300 iterations.
Don clustering algorithm DBSCAN, mafi ƙarancin girma da awo na nisa na maki bayanai a cikin tarin yana buƙatar tantancewa.An ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin lamba ƙarƙashin jagorancin masana.Wannan ilimin ya san abin da ya dace da tsarin ƙirar ƙira na yanzu da ƙuduri.Matsakaicin adadin shine 100. Ƙimar mafi girma mafi girma (kasa da <135 kafin babban iyaka na kore ya zama mai faɗi) ana iya la'akari da shi, amma ba zai iya maye gurbin hanyar tarawa dangane da rashin daidaituwa na BC ba.Ana amfani da matakin haɗin (Hoto 6A) don saita ma'aunin ϵ, wanda ya dace da ɗaukar hoto mafi girma (Hoto 6B).An ayyana haɗin kai azaman haɗaɗɗun adadin tari kuma yana kula da sigar ϵ.Ƙananan haɗin kai yana nuna rashin dacewa, haɗa yankuna tare.Babban haɗin kai yana nuna wuce gona da iri.Yin wuce gona da iri kuma yana da matsala, saboda yana nuna cewa bazuwar zato na farko na iya haifar da sakamakon da ba za a iya samu ba.Tsakanin waɗannan matsananci guda biyu, haɓaka mai kaifi (yawanci ana kiransa "gwiwoyi") yana nuna mafi kyawun ϵ.A cikin Hoto na 6A, kuna ganin haɓakar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan yanki (rawaya,> clusters 200), tare da raguwa mai kaifi (kore, clusters 100), har zuwa kusan 130, kewaye da ƙananan gungu (blue, <60 clusters) ).A cikin aƙalla yankuna shuɗi 100, ko dai gungu ɗaya ya mamaye tekun gabaɗaya (ϵ <0.42), ko kuma yawancin tekun ba a keɓance su ba kuma ana ɗaukar hayaniya (ϵ> 0.99).Yankin rawaya yana da canji sosai, rarraba tari wanda ba a sake yin shi ba.Yayin da ϵ ke raguwa, amo yana ƙaruwa.Wurin da yake ƙaruwa sosai ana kiransa gwiwar hannu.Wannan yanki ne mafi kyau.Kodayake ana amfani da yuwuwar t-SNE, ana iya amfani da bambance-bambancen BC a cikin lardin don tantance amintaccen tari.Yin amfani da Hoto 6 (A da B), saita ϵ zuwa 0.39.Mafi girman mafi ƙarancin lamba, ƙaramin yuwuwar isa ga ϵ wanda ke ba da izinin rarrabuwa abin dogaro, kuma mafi girman yankin kore tare da ƙimar mafi girma fiye da 135. Girman wannan yanki yana nuna cewa gwiwar hannu zai fi wuya a samu ko rashin. wanzuwa.
Bayan saita sigogi na t-SNE, jimlar adadin gungu da aka samo za a yi amfani da su azaman ma'aunin haɗin (A) da adadin bayanan da aka keɓe ga gungu (B).Dot ɗin ja yana nuna mafi kyawun haɗin ɗaukar hoto da haɗin kai.An saita mafi ƙarancin lamba bisa ga ƙaramin lamba mai alaƙa da ilimin halitta.
Don ƙarin kayan don wannan labarin, da fatan za a duba http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/22/eaay4740/DC1
Wannan labarin buɗe ido ne wanda aka rarraba ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Lasisin Haɗin Haɗin Halittu.Labarin yana ba da izinin amfani mara iyaka, rarrabawa, da kuma haifuwa a kowane matsakaici a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa an ambaci ainihin aikin da ya dace.
Lura: Muna neman ku kawai don samar da adireshin imel ɗin ku don mutumin da kuke ba da shawarar zuwa shafin ya san cewa kuna son su ga imel ɗin kuma ba spam ba ne.Ba za mu kama kowane adiresoshin imel ba.
Ana amfani da wannan tambayar don gwada ko kai baƙo ne da hana ƙaddamar da spam na atomatik.
Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta ƙudurta don warware matsaloli masu sarƙaƙiya kuma tana amfani da ML mara kulawa don bincika tsarin al'umma.
Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta ƙudurta don warware matsaloli masu sarƙaƙiya kuma tana amfani da ML mara kulawa don bincika tsarin al'umma.
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-12-2021