An riga an fara amfani da ƙwayoyin rigakafi da yawa ko kuma suna ƙarƙashin haɓaka azaman hanyoyin warkewa don maganin COVID-19.Tare da bullar sabbin bambance-bambancen cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta na coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), yana da mahimmanci a yi hasashen ko har yanzu za su iya kamuwa da maganin rigakafi.Starr et al.An yi amfani da ɗakin karatu na yisti, wanda ke rufe duk maye gurbi a cikin yanki mai ɗaure mai karɓar mai karɓa na SARS-CoV-2 wanda ba zai rushe daurin mai karɓar mai karɓar ba (ACE2), da taswirar yadda waɗannan maye gurbi suka shafi uku Babban anti-SARS-CoV - 2 antibody dauri.Waɗannan alkalumman sun gano maye gurbi waɗanda ke guje wa daurin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da maye gurbi guda ɗaya waɗanda ke tsere wa ƙwayoyin rigakafi guda biyu a cikin gauran rigakafin Regeneron.Yawancin maye gurbi waɗanda suka tsere wa ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya suna yaduwa a cikin mutane.
Kwayoyin rigakafi sune yuwuwar jiyya don maganin matsanancin ciwon numfashi na coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), amma ba a bayyane yake cewa kwayar cutar tana tasowa don guje wa haɗarinsu ba.Anan, muna taswirar yadda duk maye gurbi a cikin yanki mai ɗaure mai karɓa na SARS-CoV-2 (RBD) ya shafi ɗaurin hadaddiyar giyar REGN-COV2 ga antibody LY-CoV016.Waɗannan cikakkun taswirorin sun bayyana maye gurbin amino acid wanda gaba ɗaya ya kauce wa cakuda REGN-COV2, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin rigakafi guda biyu REGN10933 da REGN10987 waɗanda ke yin niyya daban-daban na tsarin tsarin.Waɗannan alkalumman kuma sun gano maye gurbin ƙwayoyin cuta da aka zaɓa a cikin majinyata masu kamuwa da cutar da aka yi musu magani tare da REGN-COV2 da lokacin zaɓin tserewa na in vitro.A ƙarshe, waɗannan alkalumman sun nuna cewa maye gurbi da ke tserewa rigakafi guda ɗaya sun riga sun kasance a cikin yaɗa nau'ikan SARS-CoV-2.Waɗannan cikakkun taswirorin tserewa na iya yin bayanin sakamakon maye gurbi da aka gani yayin sa ido kan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Ana haɓaka ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don magance mummunan cututtukan numfashi na coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (1).Kwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya zama marasa tasiri ta hanyar maye gurbin ƙwayoyin cuta da aka zaɓa yayin jinyar marasa lafiya (2, 3) ko maye gurbi wanda ya bazu a duniya don ba da juriya ga duka ƙwayoyin cuta.Don haka, ƙayyadaddun waɗanne maye gurbi na SARS-CoV-2 na iya tserewa mahimman ƙwayoyin rigakafi yana da mahimmanci don tantance yadda maye gurbin da aka lura yayin sa ido kan ƙwayar cuta yana shafar tasirin maganin rigakafi.
Yawancin manyan magungunan anti-SARS-CoV-2 suna yin niyya ga yanki mai ɗaure mai karɓa na hoto (RBD), wanda ke daidaita ɗaure ga mai karɓar enzyme 2 (ACE2) mai karɓar angiotensin (5, 6).Kwanan nan, mun ƙirƙiri hanyar bincikar maye gurbi mai zurfi don taswirar yadda duk maye gurbi na RBD ke shafar aikinsa da kuma ganewa ta ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta (7, 8).Hanyar ta ƙunshi ƙirƙirar ɗakin karatu na maye gurbi na RBD, bayyana su a saman yisti, da yin amfani da rarrabuwar tantanin halitta mai kunna walƙiya da zurfin jeri don ƙididdige yadda kowane maye gurbin ke shafar nada RBD, alaƙar ACE2 (wanda aka auna a cikin jerin titration), da kuma ɗaure antibody. (Hoto S1A).A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi amfani da madaidaicin ɗakin karatu na mutant da aka kwatanta a cikin (7), wanda ya ƙunshi bambance-bambancen RBD na barcode, wanda ke rufe 3804 na 3819 yiwuwar maye gurbin amino acid.An shirya ɗakin karatu namu daga asalin halittar RBD na farkon keɓewar Wuhan-Hu-1.Ko da yake yawan mutants da yawa yana ƙaruwa, har yanzu suna wakiltar jerin RBD da aka fi sani (9, 10).Mun zana biyu daga cikin maye gurbi na 2034 waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi da tsangwama da nadawa RBD da ACE daurin (7) yadda ake wuce hadaddiyar giyar REGN-COV2 (REGN10933 da REGN10987) (11, 12) da LY-CoV016 na Eli Lilly's LY-CoV016. antibody yana shafar hanyar dauri antibody (wanda ake kira CB6 ko JS016) (13) (Hoto S1B).An ba da kwanan nan REGN-COV2 izinin amfani da gaggawa don COVID-19 (14), yayin da LY-CoV016 ke fuskantar gwaji na asibiti na kashi 3 (15).
[Glu406→Trp(E406W)] ya tsira da ƙarfi daga cakuda ƙwayoyin rigakafi guda biyu (Hoto 1A).Taswirar tserewa na LY-CoV016 kuma ta bayyana sauye-sauyen tserewa da yawa a wurare daban-daban a cikin RBD (Hoto 1B).Kodayake wasu maye gurbi na tserewa na iya ɓata ikon RBD don ɗaure zuwa ACE2 ko bayyana a cikin nau'i mai lanƙwasa daidai, bisa ga ma'auni na baya na binciken maye gurbi ta amfani da RBD da aka nuna yisti, yawancin maye gurbi na aiki ba su da ɗan tasiri akan waɗannan kaddarorin masu aiki (7). (Hoto na 1, A da B suna wakiltar asarar ACE2 affinity, yayin da Hoto S2 ke wakiltar raguwa a cikin maganganun RBD.
(A) Taswirar antibody a cikin REGN-COV2.Hoton layi na hagu yana nuna tserewa a kowane rukunin yanar gizo a cikin RBD (jimlar duk maye gurbi a kowane rukunin yanar gizo).Hoton tambarin da ke hannun dama yana nuna ƙaƙƙarfan wurin tserewa (launi ja na ja).Tsawon kowane harafi ya yi daidai da ƙarfin tserewa ta hanyar maye gurbin amino acid, kuma “makin tserewa” na 1 ga kowane maye gurbi ya yi daidai da cikakkiyar tserewa.Ma'auni na y-axis ya bambanta ga kowane jere, don haka, alal misali, E406W ya tsere daga dukkanin REGN antibodies, amma ya fi dacewa ga cocktails saboda sauran wuraren tserewa na kowane kwayoyin rigakafi sun mamaye shi.Don sigar sikeli, S2, A da B, ana amfani da su don canza taswirar ta yadda maye gurbin ke shafar bayanin RBD mai naɗewa.Ana amfani da S2, C da D don rarraba tasiri akan alaƙar ACE2 da magana RBD tsakanin duk maye gurbi da aka gani a cikin keɓancewar ƙwayoyin cuta.(B) Kamar yadda aka nuna a (A), zana LY-CoV016.(C) Yi amfani da ɓangarorin lentiviral mai karu-pseudotyped don tabbatar da maɓalli na maye gurbi a cikin tantancewar neutralization.Mun zaɓi don tabbatar da maye gurbi waɗanda aka annabta za su sami babban tasiri ko wanzuwa a babban mitar a cikin keɓancewar SARS-CoV-2 (kamar N439K) a cikin wurare dabam dabam.Kowane batu yana wakiltar ninka girman maida hankali na inhibitory na tsakiya (IC50) na maye gurbi dangane da kololuwar nau'in daji mara canzawa (WT) mai dauke da D614G.Layin shuɗi mai shuɗi 1 yana wakiltar tasirin tsaka-tsaki mai kama da WT, kuma ƙimar> 1 tana wakiltar ƙarin juriya na tsaka tsaki.Launin digon yana nuna ko kuna son kubuta daga taswirar.Dige-dige suna nuna cewa tunda IC50 tana wajen jerin dilution da aka yi amfani da ita, ana duba canjin da yawa (mafi girma ko ƙananan iyaka).Yawancin mutants ana gwada su a cikin kwafi, don haka akwai maki biyu.Ana nuna cikakken madaidaicin tsaka tsaki a cikin hoto 2. S3.Gajartawar harufa ɗaya na ragowar amino acid sune kamar haka: A, Ala;C, cysteine;D, Asp;E, Glu;F, Phe;G, Gly;H, nasa;I, Ile;K, lysin;L, Liu;Metropolis N, Assen;P, Pro;Q, Gln;R, Arg;S, Sarkar;T, da;V, Val;W, tryptophan;da Y, Tir.
Domin tabbatar da tasirin antigenic na maɓalli na maɓalli, mun yi gwajin tsaka-tsaki ta amfani da panicle pseudotyped lentiviral barbashi, kuma mun gano cewa akwai daidaito tsakanin taswirar tserewa na antibody da gwajin neutralization (Hoto 1C da Hoto S3).Kamar yadda ake tsammani daga taswirar antibody REGN-COV2, maye gurbi a matsayi na 486 REGN10933 ne kawai aka lalata shi, yayin da maye gurbi a matsayi na 439 da 444 REGN10987 ne kawai aka lalata shi, don haka waɗannan maye gurbi ba za su iya tserewa ba.Amma E406W ya tsere daga magungunan REGN-COV2 guda biyu, don haka shi ma ya tsere wa cakuda da ƙarfi.Ta hanyar nazarin tsari da zaɓin tserewa ƙwayoyin cuta, Regeneron ya yi imanin cewa babu maye gurbin amino acid guda ɗaya da zai iya tserewa ƙwayoyin rigakafi guda biyu a cikin hadaddiyar giyar (11, 12), amma cikakkiyar taswirar mu tana gano E406W azaman maye gurbi.E406W yana shafar maganin rigakafi na REGN-COV2 ta wata takamaiman hanya, kuma baya tsoma baki cikin aikin RBD, saboda kawai yana rage tasirin neutralization na LY-CoV016 (Figure 1C) da titer na spiked pseudotyped lentiviral barbashi (Hoto Hoto). S3F).
Don gano ko taswirar kuɓuta ɗinmu ta yi daidai da juyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙarƙashin zaɓin antibody, mun fara bincika bayanan gwajin zaɓin tserewa na ƙwayar cuta ta Regeneron, wanda a cikinsa aka girma girma a cikin al'adun tantanin halitta a gaban kowane REGN10933 The vesicular. stomatitis virus (VSV), REGN10987 ko REGN-COV2 hadaddiyar giyar (12).Wannan aikin ya gano maye gurbi guda biyar daga REGN10933, maye gurbi guda biyu daga REGN10987, kuma babu maye gurbi daga hadaddiyar giyar (Hoto 2A).Maye gurbin da dukkan al'adun tantanin halitta guda bakwai suka zaɓa an haskaka su a taswirar mu ta tserewa, kuma canjin-nucleotide guda ɗaya na nau'in nau'in nau'in daji a cikin jerin Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD shima ana iya samun damarsa (Hoto na 2B), yana nuna bambanci tsakanin tserewa Concordance. jadawali da juyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙarƙashin matsa lamba na rigakafi a cikin al'adun tantanin halitta.Yana da kyau a lura cewa E406W ba za a iya samun dama ga canje-canjen nucleotide guda ɗaya ba, wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa zaɓin hadaddiyar giyar Regeneron ba zai iya gane shi ba duk da kyakkyawan haƙuri na nadawa RBD da alaƙar ACE2.
(A) A gaban ƙwayoyin rigakafi, Regeneron yana amfani da panicle pseudotype VSV don zaɓar maye gurbin ƙwayoyin cuta a al'adar tantanin halitta (12).(B) Hoton tserewa, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 1A, amma yana nuna maye gurbi ne kawai ta hanyar canjin nucleotide guda ɗaya a cikin jerin Wuhan-Hu-1.Rashin launin toka yana nuna maye gurbi a al'adar tantanin halitta (ja), da marasa lafiya da suka kamu da cutar (blue)), ko duka biyu (purple).Hoto S5 yana nuna waɗannan jadawali, waɗanda suke launin ta yadda maye gurbin ke shafar dangantakar ACE2 ko magana RBD.(C) Kinetics na maye gurbin RBD a cikin marasa lafiya da aka bi da su tare da REGN-COV2 a ranar 145th na kamuwa da cuta (layin tsaye mai dige baki).Mitar haɗin kai tsakanin E484A da F486I ya karu, amma tunda E484A ba maye gurbi bane a cikin adadi, ba a nuna shi a cikin sauran bangarorin.Duba kuma adadi.S4.(D) Sauye-sauyen tserewa da ke faruwa a al'adar tantanin halitta da masu kamuwa da cutar suna samun damar ta hanyar nucleotide guda ɗaya, kuma ɗaure ƙwayoyin rigakafin tserewa baya haifar da wani babban farashi ga alaƙar ACE2 [kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar nunin yisti (7)].Kowane batu maye gurbi ne, kuma siffarsa da launinsa suna nuna ko za'a iya samun dama da zaba yayin girmar ƙwayoyin cuta.Ƙarin maki na hannun dama akan x-axis suna nuna ƙwaƙƙwaran guduwa mai ɗaure antibody;Mafi girman maki akan y-axis suna nuna alaƙar ACE2 mafi girma.
Don tantance ko Escape Atlas na iya yin nazarin juyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta da ke kamuwa da mutane, mun bincika bayanan jeri mai zurfi daga majinyacin da ke fama da cutar ta rigakafi wanda ya karɓi REGN-COV2 a rana ta 145 bayan gano cutar COVID-19 Jiyya (16).Jiyya na ƙarshe yana ba da damar yawan ƙwayar cuta na majiyyaci don tara nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta, wasu daga cikinsu na iya haifar da damuwa ta rigakafi, saboda mara lafiyar yana da raunanniyar amsawar antibody mai rauni kafin magani (16).Bayan gudanar da REGN-COV2, yawan maye gurbin amino acid guda biyar a cikin RBD ya canza da sauri (Hoto 2C da Hoto S4).Taswirar mu ta kuɓuta ta nuna cewa uku daga cikin waɗannan maye gurbi sun tsere REGN10933 ɗaya kuma ya tsere REGN10987 (Hoto na 2B).Ya kamata a lura da cewa bayan maganin antibody, ba duk maye gurbi da aka canjawa wuri zuwa kafaffen wurin.Akasin haka, akwai tasowa da faɗuwar gasar (Hoto 2C).An lura da wannan tsari a cikin juyin halitta na ciki na rundunonin masu daidaitawa na wasu ƙwayoyin cuta (17, 18), mai yiwuwa saboda gasa tsakanin jinsin hawan haye da ƙwayoyin cuta.Duk waɗannan dakarun suna da alama suna taka rawa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke da kamuwa da cuta (Hoto 2C da Hoto S4C): E484A (ba maye gurbi a cikin zanenmu ba) da F486I (gujewa REGN10933) hawa kyauta bayan jiyya, da layin ƙwayoyin cuta ɗauke da N440D Kuma Q493K (cece REGN10987 da REGN10933, bi da bi) ya fara gasa tare da REGN10933 tserewa mutant Y489H, sannan ya yi takara tare da zuriya mai dauke da E484A da F486I da Q493K.
Uku daga cikin maye gurbi huɗu na tserewa a cikin marasa lafiya da aka yi musu magani tare da REGN-COV2 ba a gano su ba a cikin zaɓin al'adun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na Regeneron (Hoto 2B), wanda ke nuna fa'idar cikakkiyar taswira.Zaɓin ƙwayoyin cuta bai cika ba saboda kawai suna iya gano duk wani maye gurbi da aka zaɓa ba da gangan ba a waccan gwajin al'adun tantanin halitta.Akasin haka, cikakkiyar taswirar tana bayanin duk maye gurbi, wanda zai iya haɗawa da maye gurbi ta hanyar dalilan da ba su da alaƙa da jiyya, amma ba zato ba tsammani ya shafi daurin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Tabbas, juyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta yana shafar iyakoki na aiki da matsa lamba don guje wa ƙwayoyin cuta.Maye gurbi da marasa lafiya da aka zaɓa a cikin al'adar tantanin halitta koyaushe suna saduwa da ma'auni masu zuwa: suna guje wa ɗaure antibody, suna iya shiga ta hanyar canjin nucleotide guda ɗaya, kuma suna da ɗan kuɗi kaɗan ko ba su da tsada ga alaƙar ACE2 [ta zurfin maye gurbi na baya wanda aka nuna ta amfani da ma'aunin Scanning yisti RBD (7) )] (Hoto 2D da Hoto S5).Don haka, ana iya amfani da cikakken taswirar yadda maye gurbi ya shafi maɓalli na sinadarai na RBD (kamar ACE da ɗaurewar rigakafi) don tantance yuwuwar hanyoyin juyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta.Ɗaya daga cikin faɗakarwa shine cewa a cikin mafi tsayin lokacin juyin halitta, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da tserewa na miyagun ƙwayoyi, saboda hulɗar al'ada, sararin juriya don maye gurbi na iya canzawa (19-21).
Cikakken taswirar yana ba mu damar kimanta maye gurbi na tserewa a cikin SARS-CoV-2 da ke yawo.Mun bincika duk samfuran SARS-CoV-2 da aka samu daga ɗan adam tun daga ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2021 kuma mun gano cewa ɗimbin maye gurbi na RBD sun tsere ɗaya ko fiye da ƙwayoyin rigakafi (Hoto 3).Koyaya, maye gurbi ɗaya tilo da ke cikin> 0.1% na jerin shine REGN10933 tserewa mutant Y453F [0.3% na jerin;duba (12)], REGN10987 tserewa mutant N439K [1.7% na jerin;duba Hoto 1C da (22)], Kuma LY-CoV016 tserewa maye gurbi K417N (0.1% jerin; duba kuma Hoto 1C).Y453F yana hade da fashewa mai zaman kanta da ke da alaka da gonakin mink a cikin Netherlands da Denmark (23, 24);Yana da kyau a lura cewa jerin mink kanta wani lokacin yana ƙunshe da wasu maye gurbi, kamar F486L (24).N439K ya shahara sosai a Turai, kuma ya ƙunshi babban sashi na jerin daga Scotland da Ireland a Turai (22, 25).K417N yana cikin zuriyar B.1.351 da aka fara gano a Afirka ta Kudu (10).Wani maye gurbi na damuwa na yanzu shine N501Y, wanda yake a cikin B.1.351 da kuma cikin zuriyar B.1.1.7 da aka gano asali a Burtaniya (9).Taswirar mu ta nuna cewa N501Y ba shi da wani tasiri akan rigakafin REGN-COV2, amma matsakaicin tasiri akan LY-CoV016 (Hoto na 3).
Ga kowane rigakafin rigakafi ko hadewar rigakafi, tun daga ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2021, a cikin jerin 317,866 masu inganci da aka samu na SARS-CoV-2 akan GISAID (26), dangantakar da ke tsakanin maki tserewa ga kowane maye gurbi da mitar sa.An yi alama.RegN-COV2 hadaddiyar giyar tserewar maye gurbin E406W yana buƙatar sauye-sauyen nucleotide da yawa a cikin jerin Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD, kuma ba a lura da su a cikin jerin GISAID.Sauran maye gurbi na ragowar E406 (E406Q da E406D) an lura dasu tare da ƙananan ƙidayar mitar, amma waɗannan mutant amino acid ba maye gurbin nucleotide guda ɗaya ba ne da nisa daga W.
Kamar yadda ake tsammani, maye gurbi na tserewa yawanci yana faruwa a cikin keɓancewar antibody-RBD.Duk da haka, tsari kadai bai isa ba don hasashen wane maye gurbi ne ke sulhunta tserewa.Misali, LY-CoV016 yana amfani da sarƙoƙin sa masu nauyi da haske don ɗaure zuwa faffadan filaye wanda ya mamaye saman daurin ACE2, amma tsarin tserewa ya haɗa da maye gurbi a cikin ragowar RBD a cikin babban sarkar da ke ƙayyade yanki (Hoto 4A da Hoto S6, E zuwa G).Sabanin haka, tserewa daga REGN10933 da REGN10987 galibi sun faru ne a raƙuman RBD da aka jera a madaidaicin sarƙoƙi masu nauyi da haske (Hoto 4A da Hoto S6, A zuwa D).Maye gurbin E406W wanda ya tsere daga cakuda REGN-COV2 ya faru ne a ragowar da ba su da alaƙa da ko dai antibody (Hoto 4, A da B).Kodayake E406 yana kusa da LY-CoV016 (Hoto 4B da Hoto S6H), maye gurbin E406W yana da ƙaramin tasiri akan ƙwayar cuta (Hoto 1, B da C), yana nuna takamaiman tsarin tsarin tsayin daka shine anti-REGN. - COV2 antibody (Hoto S6I).A taƙaice, maye gurbi a ragowar RBD a cikin hulɗa da ƙwayoyin rigakafi ba koyaushe yana yin sulhu da tserewa ba, kuma wasu manyan maye gurbi suna faruwa a ragowar da ba su da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta (Hoto 4B da Hoto S6, D da G).
(A) Tsarin tserewa wanda aka tsara akan tsarin RBD wanda ke daure da maganin rigakafi.[REGN10933 da REGN10987: Protein Database (PDB) ID 6XDG (11);LY-CoV016: PDB ID 7C01 (13)).Ana nuna sassan sassa daban-daban na sarƙoƙi masu nauyi da haske na antibody a matsayin zane-zane mai launin shuɗi, kuma launi a saman RBD yana nuna ƙarfin tserewar maye gurbi a wannan rukunin yanar gizon (farin yana nuna babu gudu, kuma ja yana nuna mafi ƙarfi. wurin tserewa daga antibody ko cakuda).Shafukan da ba su canza aiki ba sun yi launin toka.(B) Ga kowane maganin rigakafi, rarraba rukunin yanar gizon azaman lamba na antibody kai tsaye (atom ɗin da ba na hydrogen a cikin 4Å na antibody), proximal antibody (4 zuwa 8Å) ko antibody distal (> 8Å).Kowane batu yana wakiltar rukunin yanar gizo, an raba shi zuwa tserewa (ja) ko rashin tserewa (baƙar fata).Layin da aka cire launin toka yana wakiltar mahimmancin ƙima da aka yi amfani da shi don rarraba rukunin yanar gizo azaman tserewa ko rashin tserewa (don cikakkun bayanai, duba Kayayyaki da Hanyoyi).Lambobin ja da baki suna nuna adadin shafuka nawa a cikin kowane rukuni suka tsere ko ba a tsira ba.
A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi taswirar gaba ɗaya taswirar maye gurbin da ke guje wa manyan ƙwayoyin rigakafin SARS-CoV-2 guda uku.Waɗannan taswirorin suna nuna cewa halayen da suka gabata na maye gurbin tserewa bai cika ba.Babu maye gurbin amino acid guda ɗaya wanda zai iya tserewa ƙwayoyin rigakafi guda biyu a cikin hadaddiyar giyar REGN-COV2 da aka gano, kuma ba a gano yawancin masu kamuwa da cutar da aka yi musu magani tare da hadaddiyar giyar ba.maye gurbi.Tabbas, taswirar mu har yanzu bai amsa tambaya mafi mahimmanci ba: Shin SARS-CoV-2 za ta haɓaka juriya ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta?Amma abin da ke da tabbas shi ne cewa yana da damuwa cewa yawancin maye gurbi na tserewa ba su da wani tasiri akan nadawa RBD ko alaƙar mai karɓa, kuma an riga an sami wasu ƙananan maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawo.A ƙarshe, ya zama dole a jira da lura da abin da maye gurbi na SARS-CoV-2 zai watsa lokacin da ya bazu tsakanin jama'a.Ayyukanmu za su taimaka "lura" ta hanyar yin bayanin tasirin maye gurbi da aka rarraba ta hanyar sa ido kan kwayoyin halitta.
Wannan labarin buɗe ido ne wanda aka rarraba ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Lasisin Haɗin Haɗin Halittu.Labarin yana ba da izinin amfani mara iyaka, rarrabawa, da kuma haifuwa a kowane matsakaici a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa an ambaci ainihin aikin da ya dace.
Lura: Muna neman ku kawai don samar da adireshin imel ɗin ku don mutumin da kuke ba da shawarar zuwa shafin ya san cewa kuna son su ga imel ɗin kuma ba spam ba ne.Ba za mu kama kowane adiresoshin imel ba.
Ana amfani da wannan tambayar don gwada ko kai baƙo ne da hana ƙaddamar da spam na atomatik.
Tyler N.Starr, Allison J.Greaney, Amin Addetia, William W. Hannon, Manish C. Choudhary (Manish C. Choudhary), Adam S. Dinges (Adam S.
Cikakken taswirar maye gurbi na SARS-CoV-2 wanda ke tserewa cakudawar rigakafin cutar Regeneron monoclonal yana taimakawa bayyana juyin halittar kwayar cutar a cikin kula da marasa lafiya.
Tyler N.Starr, Allison J.Greaney, Amin Addetia, William W. Hannon, Manish C. Choudhary (Manish C. Choudhary), Adam S. Dinges (Adam S.
Cikakken taswirar maye gurbi na SARS-CoV-2 wanda ke tserewa cakudawar rigakafin cutar Regeneron monoclonal yana taimakawa bayyana juyin halittar kwayar cutar a cikin kula da marasa lafiya.
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Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-24-2021