Njira yophunzirira yosayang'aniridwa ikuperekedwa kuti idziwe zigawo zapadziko lonse lapansi zazachilengedwe (zigawo za chilengedwe) kutengera kapangidwe ka gulu la plankton komanso kuchuluka kwa michere.Njira ya systematic ecological Province (SAGE) imatha kuzindikira zigawo za chilengedwe m'mitundu yosagwirizana kwambiri ndi zachilengedwe.Kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe sizili za Gaussian za data, SAGE imagwiritsa ntchito t-sne embedding (t-SNE) kuti achepetse kukula kwake.Mothandizidwa ndi phokoso la phokoso lotengera density-based spatial clustering (DBSCAN) algorithm, zigawo zopitilira 100 zachilengedwe zitha kudziwika.Pogwiritsa ntchito mapu olumikizana omwe ali ndi kusiyana kwachilengedwe monga muyeso wa mtunda, chigawo cholimba cha aggregated ecological (AEP) chimatanthauzidwa moyenera kudzera m'zigawo zachilengedwe.Pogwiritsa ntchito ma AEPs, kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa zakudya m'magulu a anthu kunafufuzidwa.Eco-province ndi AEP ndi apadera ndipo angathandize kutanthauzira kwachitsanzo.Atha kuwongolera kufananitsa pakati pa zitsanzo ndipo amathandizira kumvetsetsa ndi kuyang'anira zamoyo zam'madzi.
Zigawo ndi zigawo zomwe zovuta za biogeography panyanja kapena pamtunda zimakhazikitsidwa m'malo ogwirizana komanso ofunikira (1).Zigawozi ndizofunika kwambiri pofanizira ndi kusiyanitsa malo, kuwonetsa kuwunika, kuyang'anira ndi kuteteza.Kuyanjana kovutirapo komanso kosagwirizana komwe kumatulutsa zigawozi kumapangitsa njira zophunzirira makina osayang'aniridwa (ML) kukhala oyenera kudziwa zigawo molunjika, chifukwa kuyanjana kwa data kumakhala kovuta komanso sikuli kwa Gaussian.Apa, njira ya ML ikuperekedwa, yomwe imazindikiritsa zigawo zapadera za zachilengedwe zam'madzi (zigawo zachilengedwe) kuchokera ku Darwin global three-dimensional (3D) physical/ecosystem model (2).Mawu oti "wapadera" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza kuti malo omwe azindikiridwa sakulumikizana mokwanira ndi madera ena.Njirayi imatchedwa njira ya System Integrated Ecological Province (SAGE).Kuti mupange gulu lothandiza, njira ya algorithm iyenera kulola (i) kugawa padziko lonse lapansi ndi (ii) kusanthula kwamitundu ingapo komwe kungathe kukhazikitsidwa m'malo ndi nthawi (3).Mu kafukufukuyu, njira ya SAGE idaperekedwa koyamba ndipo zigawo zodziwika bwino za chilengedwe zidakambidwa.Magawo a zachilengedwe amatha kulimbikitsa kumvetsetsa zinthu zomwe zimayang'anira kasamalidwe ka anthu, kupereka zidziwitso zothandiza pakuwunika njira zowunikira, ndikuthandizira kutsata kusintha kwa chilengedwe.
Zigawo zapadziko lapansi nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa molingana ndi kufanana kwa nyengo (mvula ndi kutentha), nthaka, zomera, ndi zinyama, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira kasamalidwe, kafukufuku wamitundumitundu, komanso kuwongolera matenda (1, 4).Zigawo za m'madzi ndizovuta kufotokoza.Zamoyo zambiri zimakhala ndi microscopic, zomwe zimakhala ndi malire amadzimadzi.Longhurst et al.(5) Adapereka limodzi mwa magawo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi a Unduna wa Zam'madzi kutengera momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira.Tanthauzo la zigawo za "Longhurst" izi zikuphatikiza zosintha monga kusakanikirana, kusanja, ndi kuwala, komanso chidziwitso chambiri cha Longhurst monga katswiri wodziwa zanyanja zam'madzi, yemwe ali ndi zinthu zina zofunika pazachilengedwe zam'madzi.Longhurst yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kupanga koyambirira ndi kusinthasintha kwa kaboni, nsomba zothandizira, ndikukonzekera zochitika zowonera mu situ (5-9).Pofuna kufotokozera zigawo momveka bwino, njira monga malingaliro osamveka bwino ndi magulu osayang'aniridwa ndi zigawo zagwiritsidwa ntchito (9-14).Cholinga cha njira zotere ndikuzindikira zida zomveka zomwe zitha kuzindikira zigawo muzowonera zomwe zilipo.Mwachitsanzo, zigawo zazikulu za m'madzi (12) zimagwiritsa ntchito mamapu odzipangira okha kuti achepetse phokoso, ndikugwiritsa ntchito magulu otsogola (motengera mitengo) kuti adziwe zinthu zamitundu ya m'madzi zomwe zimachokera ku ma satelite am'deralo [chlorophyll a (Chl-a), kutalika kwa mzere wa Fluorescence ndi zinthu zamitundu zosungunuka] ndi malo owoneka (kutentha kwapanyanja ndi mchere wamchere, mawonekedwe amtheradi amphamvu ndi ayezi wapanyanja).
Kapangidwe ka gulu la plankton nzodetsa nkhawa chifukwa chilengedwe chake chimakhudza kwambiri michere yambiri, kuyamwa kwa kaboni ndi nyengo.Komabe, cholinga chake ndi chovuta komanso chovuta kudziwa momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira padziko lonse lapansi potengera momwe gulu la plankton lilili.Ma satellites amitundu yam'madzi amatha kupereka chidziwitso pagulu la phytoplankton kapena kuwonetsa zabwino zamagulu ogwira ntchito (15), koma pakadali pano sangathe kupereka zambiri zamagulu ammudzi.Kafukufuku waposachedwa [mwachitsanzo, Tara Ocean (16)] akupereka miyeso yomwe sinachitikepo m'dera lanu;pakadali pano, pali zowonera pang'ono pa-situ padziko lonse lapansi (17).Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adatsimikiza kwambiri "Chigawo cha Biogeochemical" (12, 14, 18) potengera kutsimikiza kwa kufanana kwa biochemical (monga kupanga koyamba, Chl ndi kuwala komwe kulipo).Apa, chiwerengero cha manambala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito potulutsa [Darwin(2)], ndipo chigawo cha chilengedwe chimatsimikiziridwa malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kusinthasintha kwa zakudya.Chiwerengero cha manambala chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu chimafalikira padziko lonse lapansi ndipo chingathe kuyerekezedwa ndi zomwe zilipo kale (17) ndi madera ozindikira akutali (Zindikirani S1).Deta yachitsanzo ya manambala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziroli ili ndi mwayi wopezeka padziko lonse lapansi.Chitsanzo cha chilengedwe chili ndi mitundu 35 ya phytoplankton ndi mitundu 16 ya zooplankton (chonde onani zipangizo ndi njira).Mitundu ya plankton yamitundu imagwirizana mosagwirizana ndi zomwe sizili za Gaussian covariance, kotero njira zosavuta zowunikira sizoyenera kuzindikira mawonekedwe apadera komanso osasinthika m'magulu omwe akubwera.Njira ya SAGE yomwe idayambitsidwa pano imapereka njira yatsopano yowonera zotsatira za mitundu yovuta ya Darwin.
Kuthekera kwamphamvu kosintha kwaukadaulo wa data / ML kumatha kupangitsa mayankho ovuta kwambiri kuti awulule zovuta koma zolimba pakuphatikizana kwa data.Njira yolimba imatanthauzidwa ngati njira yomwe ingathe kubweretsanso mokhulupirika zotsatira mkati mwazolakwika zomwe zaperekedwa.Ngakhale pamakina osavuta, kudziwa mawonekedwe amphamvu ndi mazizindikiro kungakhale kovuta.Mpaka malingaliro omwe amatsogolera ku mawonekedwe owonedwa atatsimikiziridwa, zovuta zomwe zikubwera zitha kuwoneka zovuta / zovuta kuzithetsa.Njira yofunika kwambiri yokhazikitsira kapangidwe ka chilengedwe ndi yosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe.Kukhalapo kwa kuyanjana kopanda mzere kumatha kusokoneza gulu lamphamvu, kotero ndikofunikira kupewa njira zomwe zimapanga malingaliro amphamvu okhudza kugawa koyambira kwa data covariance.Deta yapamwamba komanso yosagwirizana ndi yodziwika bwino m'nyanja zam'madzi ndipo ikhoza kukhala ndi covariance mapangidwe ndi topology yovuta, yopanda Gaussian.Ngakhale deta yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe osagwirizana ndi Gaussian covariance ingalepheretse gulu lolimba, njira ya SAGE ndi yatsopano chifukwa idapangidwa kuti izindikire magulu okhala ndi ma topology osagwirizana.
Cholinga cha njira ya SAGE ndikuzindikira njira zomwe zikubwera zomwe zingathandize kumvetsetsa kwachilengedwe.Kutsatira mayendedwe ogwirizana ndi magulu ofanana ndi (19), zosintha zachilengedwe ndi michere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zizindikire gulu lokhalo lomwe lili mu data, lotchedwa chigawo cha chilengedwe.Njira ya SAGE yoperekedwa mu phunziro ili (Chithunzi 1) choyamba imachepetsa kukula kwa 55 mpaka 11 miyeso mwa kufotokoza mwachidule magulu ogwirira ntchito a plankton omwe amatanthawuza priori (onani Zida ndi Njira).Pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya t-random embedding (t-SNE), kukula kwake kumachepetsedwa ndikuwonetsa kuthekera mu danga la 3D.Magulu osayang'aniridwa amatha kuzindikira madera omwe ali pafupi ndi chilengedwe [density-based spatial clustering (DBSCAN) pakugwiritsa ntchito phokoso].Zonse ziwiri za t-SNE ndi DBSCAN zimagwira ntchito ku data yachitsanzo yachitsanzo yosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe.Kenako dzudzulani chigawo chotsatira cha chilengedwe padziko lapansi.Zigawo zoposa zana zapadera zazachilengedwe zadziwika, zoyenera kufufuzidwa m'madera.Kuti tiganizire momwe chilengedwe chimayendera padziko lonse lapansi, njira ya SAGE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikizira zigawo za chilengedwe kukhala zigawo zophatikiza zachilengedwe (AEP) kuti zigawo za chilengedwe ziziyenda bwino.Mulingo wa aggregation (wotchedwa "zovuta") ukhoza kusinthidwa kuti ukhale wofunikira.Dziwani zovuta zochepa za AEP yolimba.Cholinga cha chisankho ndi njira ya SAGE ndikufufuza zovuta zazing'ono kwambiri za AEP kuti mudziwe momwe mungayang'anire gulu ladzidzidzi.Zitsanzozi zikhoza kufufuzidwa kuti zipereke chidziwitso cha chilengedwe.Njira yomwe yayambika pano ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito poyerekezera zitsanzo kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, poyesa malo a zigawo zofanana za chilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka m'mafanizo osiyanasiyana kuti ziwonetsere kusiyana ndi kufanana, kuti mufanizire zitsanzo.
(A) Chithunzi chojambula cha kayendetsedwe ka ntchito kuti tidziwe chigawo cha chilengedwe;kugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa gulu logwira ntchito kuti achepetse deta yoyambirira ya 55-dimensional kutulutsa kwachitsanzo cha 11, kuphatikiza biomass ya plankton zisanu ndi ziwiri zogwira ntchito/zomangamanga ndi mitengo inayi yoperekera zakudya.Mtengo wocheperako komanso malo okhazikika oundana oundana.Deta yakhala yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika.Perekani data ya 11-dimensional ku aligorivimu ya t-SNE kuti muwunikire zophatikizira zofananira.DBSCAN idzasankha mosamala gululo kuti likhazikitse mtengo wa parameter.Pomaliza perekani deta kubwerera ku latitudo/longitudo projekiti.Chonde dziwani kuti njirayi imabwerezedwa ka 10 chifukwa kusasintha pang'ono kungapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito t-SNE.(B) ikufotokoza momwe mungapezere AEP pobwereza mayendedwe a ntchito mu (A) nthawi 10.Pazotsatira 10 zonsezi, kusafanana kwa zigawo za Bray-Curtis (BC) kumatsimikiziridwa potengera biomass ya mitundu 51 ya phytoplankton.Dziwani kusiyana kwa BC pakati pa zigawo, kuchokera ku zovuta 1 AEP kufika ku zovuta zonse 115. Chizindikiro cha BC chimayikidwa ndi Province la Longhurst.
Njira ya SAGE imagwiritsa ntchito kutulutsa kwa chiwerengero cha 3D padziko lonse lapansi chakuthupi / chilengedwe kuti chifotokoze chigawo cha chilengedwe [Darwin (2);onani Zida ndi Njira ndi Chidziwitso S1].Zigawo za chilengedwe zimakhala ndi mitundu 35 ya phytoplankton ndi mitundu 16 ya zooplankton, yomwe ili ndi magulu asanu ndi awiri omwe amawafotokozeratu: ma prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes omwe amagwirizana ndi malo opanda zakudya zambiri, coccidia yokhala ndi calcium carbonate yokutira, ndi nitrogen fixation ya nayitrogeni (yomwe nthawi zambiri imasowa). zakudya zofunika), ndi chophimba siliceous, akhoza kupanga plankton photosynthesis ndi msipu wosakanizika mchere flagellates ndi zooplankton oweta.Kukula kwake ndi 0.6 mpaka 2500μm ofanana ndi awiri ozungulira.Kugawa kwachitsanzo kwa kukula kwa phytoplankton ndi magulu ogwirira ntchito kumagwira mawonekedwe onse omwe amawonedwa pa satellite ndi mu-situ (onani Zithunzi S1 mpaka S3).Kufanana kwa chiwerengero cha chiwerengero ndi nyanja yowonedwa kumasonyeza kuti zigawo zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi chitsanzozo zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku nyanja ya in-situ.Chonde dziwani kuti mtundu uwu umangotenga mitundu ina ya phytoplankton, komanso mitundu ina yokhayo yomwe imakakamiza thupi ndi mankhwala a in situ ocean.Njira ya SAGE ingathandize anthu kumvetsetsa bwino njira yoyendetsera dera lachitsanzo.
Pophatikizanso kuchuluka kwa biomass (pa avareji ya zaka 20) mu gulu lililonse la plankton, kukula kwa deta kumatha kuchepetsedwa.Pambuyo pa kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa gawo lawo lofunikira pakukhazikitsa dongosolo la madera, adaphatikizanso mawu oyambira amtundu wa michere (kupereka nayitrogeni, chitsulo, phosphorous ndi silicic acid) [mwachitsanzo (20, 21)] .Kuphatikizika kwa magulu ogwira ntchito kumachepetsa vutoli kuchoka pa 55 (51 plankton ndi 4 nutrient fluxes) kupita ku 11 dimensions.Mu phunziro loyambali, chifukwa cha zovuta zowerengera zomwe zimayikidwa ndi algorithm, kuya ndi kusinthasintha kwa nthawi sikunaganizidwe.
Njira ya SAGE imatha kuzindikira maubwenzi ofunikira pakati pa njira zopanda malire ndi zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa pakati pa biomass yamagulu ogwira ntchito ndi kutuluka kwa michere.Kugwiritsa ntchito deta ya 11-dimensional kutengera njira zophunzirira mtunda wa Euclidean (monga K-njira) sikungathe kupeza zigawo zodalirika komanso zopangikanso (19, 22).Izi ndichifukwa choti palibe mawonekedwe a Gaussian omwe amapezeka pakugawa koyambira kwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimatanthauzira chigawo cha chilengedwe.Ma K-njira za ma cell a Voronoi (mizere yowongoka) sangathe kusunga magawo oyambira omwe si a Gaussian.
Ma biomass a magulu asanu ndi awiri ogwira ntchito a plankton ndi ma nutrient fluxes akupanga 11-dimensional vector x.Chifukwa chake, x ndi gawo la vekitala pa grid yachitsanzo, pomwe chinthu chilichonse xi chimayimira vekitala ya 11-dimensional yofotokozedwa pa gridi yopingasa yachitsanzo.Mlozera uliwonse i umazindikiritsa mwapadera malo agululi pagawo, pomwe (lon, lat) = (ϕi, θi).Ngati biomass ya gululi yachitsanzo ndi yochepera 1.2 × 10-3mg Chl/m3 kapena kuchuluka kwa madzi oundana kupitilira 70%, chipika cha biomass data chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikutayidwa.Detayo imakhala yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika, kotero kuti zonse zili mumtundu wa [0 mpaka 1], tanthauzo limachotsedwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala kusiyana kwa mayunitsi.Izi zimachitidwa kuti mawonekedwe (biomass ndi nutrient flux) asakhale ochepa ndi kusiyana pakati pa zomwe zingatheke.Kuphatikizika kuyenera kutengera kusintha kwa mtunda kuchokera pa mtunda wotheka pakati pa zinthuzo m'malo motengera mtunda.Powerengera mtundawu, zinthu zofunika zimatuluka, pomwe zosafunika zimatayidwa.Kuchokera pamalingaliro achilengedwe, izi ndizofunikira chifukwa mitundu ina ya phytoplankton yokhala ndi biomass pang'ono imatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu za biogeochemical, monga kukonza nayitrogeni ndi mabakiteriya a diazotrophic.Mukakhazikitsa ndikusintha deta, mitundu iyi ya ma covariate idzawunikira.
Pogogomezera kuyandikira kwa zinthu zomwe zili m'malo owoneka bwino m'mawonekedwe otsika, t-SNE algorithm imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti madera omwe alipo kale amveke bwino.Ntchito yam'mbuyomu yomwe cholinga chake chinali kupanga maukonde akuzama a neural pazidziwitso zakutali zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito t-SNE, zomwe zidatsimikizira luso lake pakulekanitsa zinthu zazikulu (23).Ichi ndi sitepe yofunikira kuti muzindikire kusanja kolimba mu data yomwe mukupewa ndikupewa mayankho osasintha (onani S2).Pogwiritsa ntchito ma maso a Gaussian, t-SNE imasunga ziwerengero za deta pojambula chinthu chilichonse chapamwamba kwambiri kufika pa malo a gawo la 3D, potero kuonetsetsa kuti mwayi wa zinthu zofanana m'mwamba ndi wotsika kwambiri ndi wapamwamba kwambiri. danga lalikulu (24).Potengera zinthu za N zapamwamba kwambiri x1,…,xN, njira ya t-SNE imachepetsa pakuchepetsa kusiyana kwa Kullback-Leibler (KL) (25).Kusiyana kwa KL ndi muyeso wa momwe kugawa kwachiyembekezo kuliri kosiyana ndi kagawidwe kachiwongolero kachiwiri, ndipo kumatha kuwunika bwino kuthekera kwa kugwirizana pakati pa mawonekedwe otsika a mawonekedwe apamwamba.Ngati xi ndi chinthu cha i-th mu N-dimensional space, xj ndi j-th chinthu mu N-dimensional space, yi ndi chinthu i-th mu malo otsika, ndipo yj ndi chinthu j-th pansi. -dimensional space, ndiye t -SNE imatanthawuza kuthekera kofanana ppj∣i = exp(-∥xi-xj∥2/2σi2)∑k≠iexp(-∥xi-xk∥2/2σi2), komanso pakuchepetsa mawonekedwe q∣j = (1+ ∥ yi-yj∥2)-1∑k≠i(1 +∥yj-yk∥2)-1
Chithunzi 2A chikuwonetsa zotsatira za kuchepetsa ma biomass ndi ma nutrient flux vectors of the 11-dimensional combination to 3D.Cholinga chogwiritsira ntchito t-SNE chikhoza kufananizidwa ndi kulimbikitsa kwa principal component analysis (PCA), yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kosiyana pofuna kutsindika dera / chikhalidwe cha deta, motero kuchepetsa kukula kwake.Njira ya t-SNE inapezedwa kuti ndiyabwino kuposa PCA popereka zotsatira zodalirika komanso zobwereketsa za Eco-Ministry (onani Note S2).Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa lingaliro la orthogonality la PCA siloyenera kuzindikiritsa kuyanjana kofunikira pakati pa zinthu zosagwirizana kwambiri, chifukwa PCA imayang'ana kwambiri mapangidwe a covariance (26).Pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chakutali, Lunga et al.(27) ikuwonetsa momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito njira ya SNE kuti muwonetsere zovuta komanso zosawoneka bwino zomwe zimapatuka kugawa kwa Gaussian.
(A) Chiyerekezo chopereka zakudya zopatsa thanzi, phytoplankton ndi zooplankton functional group biomass yojambulidwa ndi algorithm ya t-SNE ndikujambulidwa ndi chigawo pogwiritsa ntchito DBSCAN.Mfundo iliyonse imayimira mfundo mu malo apamwamba, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 6B, mfundo zambiri zimagwidwa.Shafts amatanthawuza "t-SNE" kukula kwake 1, 2 ndi 3. (B) Mawonekedwe a malo a chigawo opezeka ndi DBSCAN pa gridi ya latitude-longitude ya chiyambi.Mtundu uyenera kuwonedwa ngati mtundu uliwonse, koma uyenera kufanana ndi (A).
Mfundo zomwe zili mu t-SNE scatter plot mu Chithunzi 2A zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi latitude ndi longitude.Ngati mfundo ziwiri zomwe zili mu Chithunzi 2A zili pafupi ndi wina ndi mzake, ndichifukwa chakuti biomass ndi kusinthasintha kwa michere kumakhala kofanana, osati chifukwa cha kuyandikira kwa malo.Mitundu yomwe ili pa Chithunzi 2A ndi magulu omwe adapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya DBSCAN (28).Poyang'ana zowonera zowuma, algorithm ya DBSCAN imagwiritsa ntchito mtunda wa chiwonetsero cha 3D pakati pa mfundo (ϵ = 0.39; kuti mudziwe zambiri za chisankhochi, onani Zida ndi Njira), ndipo chiwerengero cha mfundo zofanana ndi zofunika kuti mufotokoze masango ( apa 100 mfundo, chonde onani pamwambapa).Njira ya DBSCAN sipanga malingaliro aliwonse okhudza mawonekedwe kapena kuchuluka kwa magulu mu data, monga zikuwonetsedwa pansipa:
3) Pamfundo zonse zomwe zadziwika kuti zili mkati mwa mtunda, bwerezani gawo 2 mobwerezabwereza kuti mudziwe malire a magulu.Ngati chiwerengero cha mfundo ndi chachikulu kuposa mtengo wocheperapo womwe wakhazikitsidwa, umasankhidwa ngati gulu.
Deta yomwe siyimakumana ndi membala wocheperako komanso mtunda wa ϵ metric imatengedwa ngati "phokoso" ndipo sichimapatsidwa mtundu.DBSCAN ndi algorithm yofulumira komanso yowopsa yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito a O(n2) pazovuta kwambiri.Kwa kusanthula kwamakono, sikuti kwenikweni mwachisawawa.Chiwerengero chochepa cha mfundo chimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuunika kwa akatswiri.Pambuyo pokonza mtunda pambuyo pake, zotsatira zake sizikhala zokhazikika pamlingo wa ≈±10.Mtunda uwu umayikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana (Chithunzi 6A) ndi kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa nyanja (Chithunzi 6B).Kulumikizana kumatanthauzidwa ngati chiwerengero chamagulu amagulu ndipo chimakhudzidwa ndi ϵ parameter.Malumikizidwe apansi akuwonetsa kusakwanira kokwanira, kuphatikiza zigawo pamodzi.Kulumikizana kwakukulu kumawonetsa kukwanira.Ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zochepa kwambiri, koma ngati zochepa zimaposa ca, sizingatheke kupeza yankho lodalirika.135 (Kuti mumve zambiri, onani Zida ndi Njira).
Magulu 115 odziwika mu Chithunzi 2A akuwonetsedwanso padziko lapansi mu Chithunzi 2B.Mtundu uliwonse umagwirizana ndi kuphatikiza kogwirizana kwa biogeochemical ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zimadziwika ndi DBSCAN.Magulu akatsimikiziridwa, kuyanjana kwa mfundo iliyonse mu Chithunzi 2A ndi latitude ndi longitude yeniyeni kumagwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsera masango kubwerera kudera la malo.Chithunzi 2B chikuwonetsa izi ndi mitundu yofanana yamagulu monga Chithunzi 2A.Mitundu yofananira siyenera kutanthauziridwa ngati kufanana kwachilengedwe, chifukwa imaperekedwa ndi dongosolo lomwe magulu amapezedwa ndi algorithm.
Dera lomwe lili pa chithunzi 2B likhoza kukhala lofanana ndi malo okhazikika achilengedwe komanso/kapena biogeochemistry ya m'nyanja.Mwachitsanzo, masango ku Southern Ocean ndi zone-symmetrical, ndi oligotrophic vortices akuwoneka, ndipo kusintha kwakuthwa kumasonyeza mphamvu ya mphepo zamalonda.Mwachitsanzo, ku equatorial Pacific, madera osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kukwera akuwoneka.
Pofuna kumvetsetsa chilengedwe cha Eco-Province, kusintha kwa kusiyana kwa kusiyana kwa Bray-Curtis (BC) (29) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika zachilengedwe m'gululi.Chizindikiro cha BC ndi ziwerengero zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu pakati pa malo awiri osiyana.Muyezo wa BC umagwira ntchito ku biomass ya mitundu 51 ya phytoplankton ndi zooplankton BCninj = 1-2CninjSni + Snj
BCninj imatanthawuza kufanana pakati pa kuphatikiza ni ndi kuphatikiza nj, kumene Cninj ndi mtengo wocheperako wa mtundu umodzi wa biomass umene umapezeka mu zosakaniza zonse za ni ndi nj, ndipo Sni imayimira chiŵerengero cha biomass zonse zomwe zilipo mu kuphatikiza kwa ni ndi Snj.Kusiyana kwa BC ndikofanana ndi muyeso wa mtunda, koma kumagwira ntchito m'malo omwe si a Euclidean, omwe akuyenera kukhala oyenera kwambiri pazachilengedwe komanso kutanthauzira kwake.
Pagulu lililonse lodziwika mu Chithunzi 2B, kufanana kwapakati pazigawo ndi zigawo zapakati pa BC kungawunikidwe.Kusiyana kwa BC mkati mwa chigawo kumatanthauza kusiyana pakati pa mtengo wapakati wa chigawo ndi mfundo iliyonse m'chigawocho.Kusiyana kwa zigawo za BC kumatanthauza kufanana pakati pa chigawo chimodzi ndi zigawo zina.Chithunzi 3A chikuwonetsa ma symmetric BC matrix (0, wakuda: wogwirizana kwathunthu; 1, woyera: wosiyana kwathunthu).Mzere uliwonse mu graph umasonyeza chitsanzo mu deta.Chithunzi 3B chikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa malo a zotsatira za BC mu Chithunzi 3A pachigawo chilichonse.Kwa chigawo chomwe chili ndi zakudya zochepa komanso zopatsa thanzi, Chithunzi 3B chikuwonetsa kuti madera akuluakulu ozungulira equator ndi Indian Ocean ali ofanana, koma madera apamwamba ndi malo okwera ndi osiyana kwambiri.
(A) Digiri ya kusiyana kwa BC yoyesedwa pachigawo chilichonse kutengera avareji yapadziko lonse yapadziko lonse lapansi yazaka 20 ya ma plankton 51.Zindikirani kufananiza koyembekezeka kwa zikhalidwe.(B) Kuwonetsera kwa malo kwa ndime (kapena mzere).Kwa chigawo chomwe chili mu bwalo la dystrophic, kugawidwa kwapadziko lonse kwa BC kufanana kwake kunayesedwa, ndipo chiwerengero cha zaka 20 padziko lonse chinayesedwa.Black (BC = 0) amatanthauza malo omwewo, ndipo oyera (BC = 1) amatanthauza palibe kufanana.
Chithunzi 4A chikuwonetsa kusiyana kwa BC m'chigawo chilichonse mu chithunzi 2B.Kutsimikiza pogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikizika kwapakati pamagulu ambiri, ndikuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa BC ndi tanthauzo la gridi iliyonse m'chigawocho, zikuwonetsa kuti njira ya SAGE imatha kulekanitsa mitundu 51 kutengera kufanana kwachilengedwe. data yachitsanzo.Kusiyanasiyana kwamagulu onse a BC amitundu yonse 51 ndi 0.102±0.0049.
(A, B, ndi D) Kusiyana kwa BC m'chigawochi kumawunikidwa ngati kusiyana kwapakati pa BC pakati pa gulu lililonse la grid point ndi chigawo chapakati, ndipo zovuta zake sizikuchepetsedwa.(2) Kusiyana kwapakati pazigawo za BC padziko lonse lapansi ndi 0.227±0.117.Ichi ndiye chizindikiro cha gulu lolimbikitsa zachilengedwe lomwe laperekedwa ndi ntchitoyi [mzere wobiriwira mu (C)].(C) Avereji yapakati pachigawo cha BC kusiyana: Mzere wakuda umayimira kusiyana kwapakati pachigawo cha BC ndi kuchulukirachulukira.2σ imachokera ku kubwereza 10 kwa chidziwitso cha chigawo cha eco.Pakuvuta konse kwa zigawo zomwe zapezedwa ndi DBSCAN, (A) zikuwonetsa kuti kusiyana kwa BC m'chigawochi ndi 0.099, ndipo mtundu wovuta womwe waperekedwa ndi (C) ndi 12, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti BC isiyanitse 0.200 m'chigawochi.monga chithunzi chikuwonetsa.(D).
Pa chithunzi 4B, biomass ya mitundu 51 ya plankton imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira kusiyana kofanana kwa BC m'chigawo cha Longhurst.Avereji yonse ya chigawo chilichonse ndi 0.227, ndipo kupatuka kwa grid point potengera kusiyana kwa chigawo cha BC ndi 0.046.Ichi ndi chokulirapo kuposa gulu lomwe ladziwika mu Chithunzi 1B.M'malo mwake, pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha magulu asanu ndi awiri ogwira ntchito, kusiyana kwapakati pa nyengo ya BC ku Longhurst kunakwera kufika pa 0.232.
Mapu adziko lonse lapansi a chigawo cha chilengedwe amapereka mwatsatanetsatane momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira komanso kusintha kwachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe chonse cha Longhurst Province.Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ukuyembekezeka kupereka chidziwitso pamayendedwe owongolera mawerengero achilengedwe, ndipo kuzindikira kumeneku kumathandizira kufufuza ntchito zakumunda.Pachifukwa cha kafukufukuyu, sizingatheke kuwonetsa zigawo zoposa zana limodzi.Gawo lotsatira likuwonetsa njira ya SAGE yomwe ikufotokoza mwachidule zigawo.
Chimodzi mwa zolinga za chigawochi ndikulimbikitsa kumvetsetsa za malo ndi kayendetsedwe ka chigawocho.Kuti mudziwe zochitika zadzidzidzi, njira yomwe ili pachithunzi 1B ikuwonetsera zisa za zigawo zofanana ndi zachilengedwe.Magawo a zachilengedwe amaikidwa pamodzi kutengera kufanana kwa chilengedwe, ndipo magulu otere a zigawo amatchedwa AEP.Khazikitsani "zovuta" zosinthika kutengera kuchuluka kwa zigawo zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa.Mawu akuti "zovuta" amagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa amalola kuti mulingo wa zikhumbo zadzidzidzi usinthe.Kuti titanthauzire kuphatikizika kwatanthauzo, pakati pa zigawo za BC kusiyana kwa 0.227 kuchokera ku Longhurst kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati benchmark.Pansi pa benchmark iyi, zigawo zophatikizidwa sizikuwonekanso zothandiza.
Monga momwe chithunzi 3B chikusonyezera, zigawo zadziko lonse za chilengedwe zimagwirizana.Pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwapakati pa zigawo za BC, zikhoza kuwoneka kuti masinthidwe ena ndi "odziwika" kwambiri.Molimbikitsidwa ndi ma genetics ndi njira za graph theory, "ma graph olumikizidwa" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulinganiza> zigawo za 100 kutengera zigawo zofanana kwambiri ndi iwo.Metric ya "kulumikizana" apa imatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa zigawo za BC (30).Chiwerengero cha zigawo zomwe zili ndi malo okulirapo ogawa zigawo> 100 zitha kutchulidwa pano ngati zovuta.AEP ndi chinthu chomwe chimayika zigawo zopitilira 100 kukhala zigawo zazikulu kwambiri / zoyandikira kwambiri zachilengedwe.Chigawo chilichonse cha chilengedwe chimaperekedwa kuchigawo chachikulu / cholumikizidwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe chomwe chimafanana ndi iwo.Kuphatikizika uku komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyana kwa BC kumalola njira yokhazikika pazachilengedwe zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kuvuta kosankhidwa kungakhale mtengo uliwonse kuchokera ku 1 kufika ku zovuta zonse za FIG.2 A.Pakuvuta kocheperako, AEP ikhoza kutsika chifukwa cha gawo lochepetsera gawo la probabilistic dimensionality (t-SNE).Kuwonongeka kumatanthawuza kuti zigawo za chilengedwe zitha kuperekedwa ku ma AEP osiyanasiyana pakati pa kubwerezabwereza, motero kusintha malo omwe ali nawo.Chithunzi 4C chikuwonetsa kufalikira kwa kusagwirizana kwa BC m'zigawo mu ma AEPs pakuwonjezeka kwa zovuta pakukhazikitsa 10 (chithunzi mu Chithunzi 1B).Pachithunzi 4C, 2σ (dera la buluu) ndi muyeso wa kuwonongeka kwa 10 kukhazikitsa, ndipo mzere wobiriwira umayimira benchmark ya Longhurst.Zowona zatsimikizira kuti zovuta za 12 zimatha kusunga kusiyana kwa BC m'chigawocho pansi pa benchmark ya Longhurst muzochita zonse ndikusunga kuchepa kwa 2σ.Mwachidule, zovuta zochepa zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi 12 AEPs, ndipo pafupifupi kusiyana kwapakati pa chigawo cha BC komwe kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu 51 ya plankton ndi 0.198±0.013, monga momwe chithunzi 4D chikusonyezera.Pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa magulu asanu ndi awiri ogwira ntchito a plankton, pafupifupi kusiyana kwa BC m'chigawochi ndi 2σ m'malo mwa 0.198±0.004.Kuyerekeza pakati pa kusiyana kwa BC kowerengedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa biomass kwa magulu asanu ndi awiri ogwira ntchito kapena biomass ya mitundu yonse 51 ya plankton kukuwonetsa kuti ngakhale njira ya SAGE imagwira ntchito ku 51-dimensional situation, ndi ya biomass yonse yamagulu asanu ndi awiri ogwira ntchito. Za maphunziro.
Malingana ndi cholinga cha kafukufuku uliwonse, magulu osiyanasiyana a zovuta angaganizidwe.Maphunziro a zigawo angafunike zovuta zonse (ie, zigawo zonse 115).Monga chitsanzo komanso kumveka bwino, lingalirani zovuta zochepa zovomerezeka za 12.
Monga chitsanzo cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa njira ya SAGE, ma AEP a 12 omwe ali ndi zovuta zochepa za 12 amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano kuti afufuze kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zochitika zadzidzidzi.Chithunzi 5 chikuwonetsa zidziwitso za chilengedwe zomwe zaphatikizidwa ndi AEP (kuchokera ku A mpaka L): Mu Redfield stoichiometry, kuchuluka kwa malo (Chithunzi 5C), kapangidwe ka biomass kamagulu (Chithunzi 5A) ndi kaphatikizidwe kazakudya (Chithunzi 5B) amachitidwa ndi N Zoomed.Chiŵerengero (N:Si:P:Fe, 1:1:16:16×103) chikuwonetsedwa.Kwa gulu lomaliza, P yochulukitsa ndi 16 ndi Fe kuchulukitsa ndi 16 × 103, kotero kuti bar graph ndi yofanana ndi zofunikira za zakudya za phytoplankton.
Machigawowa agawidwa mu 12 AEPs A mpaka L. (A) Biomass (mgC/m3) ya zachilengedwe m'zigawo 12.(B) Kuchuluka kwa michere ya nayitrogeni (N), iron (Fe), phosphate (P) ndi silicic acid (Si) (mmol/m3 pachaka).Fe ndi P amachulukitsidwa ndi 16 ndi 16 × 103, motero, kuti mizereyo ikhale yofanana ndi zofunikira za phytoplankton stoichiometry.(C) Onani kusiyana pakati pa madera a polar, mvula yamkuntho ndi madera akuluakulu a nyengo/okwera.Malo ounikira amalembedwa motere: 1, MIPAndo;2, ALOHA;3, siteshoni P;ndi 4, BATS.
AEP yodziwika ndi yapadera.Pali symmetry kuzungulira equator mu nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific, ndipo malo ofanana koma okulirapo alipo mu Indian Ocean.Ma AEP ena amakumbatira mbali yakumadzulo kwa kontinenti yokhudzana ndi kukwera.South Pole Circumpolar Current imawonedwa ngati gawo lalikulu lazoni.Subtropical cyclone ndi mndandanda wovuta wa oligotrophic AEP.M'zigawo izi, njira yodziwika bwino ya kusiyana kwa biomass pakati pa ma vortices a oligotrophic olamulidwa ndi plankton ndi madera a polar omwe ali ndi diatom ndi zoonekeratu.
Ma AEP okhala ndi phytoplankton biomass yofanana kwambiri amatha kukhala ndi madera osiyanasiyana komanso kumadera osiyanasiyana, monga D, H, ndi K, omwe ali ndi phytoplankton biomass yofanana.AEP H imapezeka makamaka ku equatorial Indian Ocean, ndipo pali mabakiteriya ambiri a diazotrophic.AEP D imapezeka m'mabeseni angapo, koma imadziwika kwambiri ku Pacific pafupi ndi malo okolola kwambiri ozungulira equatorial upwelling.Maonekedwe a chigawo ichi cha Pacific amafanana ndi sitima yapanyanja yozungulira.Pali ma diazobacteria ochepa mu AEP D, ndi ma cones ambiri.Poyerekeza ndi zigawo zina ziwiri, AEP K imapezeka kumapiri a Arctic Ocean okha, ndipo pali ma diatom ochulukirapo ndi ma plankton ochepa.Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa plankton m'magawo atatuwa ndikosiyana kwambiri.Pakati pawo, kuchuluka kwa plankton za AEP K ndizochepa, pomwe za AEP D ndi H ndizokwera kwambiri.Chifukwa chake, ngakhale ali ndi biomass (ndipo amafanana ndi Chl-a), zigawo izi ndizosiyana kwambiri: Kuyesa kwachigawo cha Chl sikungagwire kusiyana kumeneku.
Ndizodziwikiratu kuti ma AEPs omwe ali ndi biomass yosiyana kwambiri akhoza kukhala ofanana malinga ndi kapangidwe ka gulu la phytoplankton.Mwachitsanzo, izi zikuwonekera mu AEP D ndi E. Iwo ali pafupi wina ndi mzake, ndipo ku Pacific Ocean, AEP E ili pafupi ndi AEPJ yobala kwambiri.Mofananamo, palibe kugwirizana bwino pakati pa phytoplankton biomass ndi zooplankton kuchuluka.
AEP ikhoza kumveka potengera zakudya zomwe amapatsidwa (Chithunzi 5B).Ma diatomu amapezeka kokha pamene pali asidi wochuluka wa silicic.Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa silicic acid kumapangitsa kuti ma diatom achuluke.Ma diatomu amatha kuwonedwa mu AEP A, J, K ndi L. Chiyerekezo cha diatom biomass poyerekeza ndi phytoplankton ina imatsimikiziridwa ndi N, P ndi Fe zoperekedwa mogwirizana ndi kufunikira kwa diatom.Mwachitsanzo, AEP L imayendetsedwa ndi ma diatoms.Poyerekeza ndi zakudya zina, Si ali ndi zakudya zambiri.Mosiyana ndi izi, ngakhale zokolola zambiri, AEP J ili ndi ma diatom ochepa komanso ma silicon ochepa (zonse komanso zokhudzana ndi zakudya zina).
Mabakiteriya a Diazonium amatha kukonza nayitrogeni, koma amakula pang'onopang'ono (31).Amakhala limodzi ndi ma phytoplankton ena, pomwe chitsulo ndi phosphorous ndizochulukirapo poyerekeza ndi kufunikira kwa michere yopanda diazonium (20, 21).Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti biomass ya diazotrophic ndiyokwera kwambiri, ndipo kupezeka kwa Fe ndi P ndikokulirapo poyerekeza ndi kupezeka kwa N. Mwanjira imeneyi, ngakhale kuti biomass yonse mu AEP J ndi yayikulu, biomass ya diazonium mu AEP H ndi zazikulu kuposa zomwe zili mu J. Chonde dziwani kuti AEP J ndi H ndi osiyana kwambiri, ndipo H ili ku equatorial Indian Ocean.
Ngati dongosolo lachilengedwe lachilengedwe silinagawidwe m'zigawo, zidziwitso zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera kumitundu yotsika kwambiri ya 12 AEP sizingamveke bwino.AEP yopangidwa ndi SAGE imathandizira kufananitsa kogwirizana komanso munthawi imodzi yazidziwitso zovuta komanso zapamwamba kuchokera kumitundu yachilengedwe.AEP imatsindika bwino chifukwa chake Chl si njira yabwino komanso ina yodziwira momwe mudzi ulili kapena kuchuluka kwa zooplankton pamiyezo yapamwamba yazakudya.Kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane mitu yafukufuku yomwe ikupitilira sikungatheke m'nkhaniyi.Njira ya SAGE imapereka njira yofufuzira njira zina mu chitsanzo zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito kusiyana ndi kuyang'ana mfundo.
Njira ya SAGE ikuperekedwa kuti ithandizire kumveketsa zambiri zazachilengedwe zochokera kumitundu yapadziko lonse lapansi/biogeochemical/ecosystem manambala.Chigawo cha chilengedwe chimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu ogwirira ntchito a cross-plankton, kugwiritsa ntchito t-SNE probability dimensionality reduction algorithm ndi kuphatikiza pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosayang'aniridwa ya ML DBSCAN.The inter-provincial BC difference/graph theory of the nesting method is used to come a robust AEP that can be used to the global translation.Pankhani yomanga, Eco-Province ndi AEP ndizopadera.Nesting ya AEP ikhoza kusinthidwa pakati pa zovuta zonse za chigawo choyambirira cha chilengedwe ndi malo ovomerezeka osachepera 12 AEPs.Kuyika zisa ndikuzindikira zovuta zochepa za AEP zimatengedwa ngati njira zazikulu, chifukwa kuthekera kwa t-SNE kumachepetsa AEPs <12 zovuta.Njira ya SAGE ndi yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zovuta zake zimayambira> 100 AEPs mpaka 12. Kuti zikhale zosavuta, zomwe zikuchitika panopa ndizovuta za 12 zapadziko lonse za AEPs.Kafukufuku wam'tsogolo, makamaka maphunziro a m'madera, angapeze kagawo kakang'ono ka malo a dziko lonse lapansi ndi zachilengedwe, ndipo akhoza kuphatikizidwa m'madera ang'onoang'ono kuti atengere mwayi pa chidziwitso cha chilengedwe chomwe takambirana pano.Limapereka malingaliro amomwe zigawo za chilengedwe ndi zidziwitso zomwe apeza kuchokera kwa iwo zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito pakumvetsetsa bwino za chilengedwe, kuwongolera kufananiza kwachitsanzo, komanso kuwongolera kalondolondo wa zamoyo zam'madzi.
Chigawo cha chilengedwe ndi AEP chodziwika ndi njira ya SAGE zimachokera ku deta mu chiwerengero cha chiwerengero.Mwa tanthawuzo, chiwerengero cha chiwerengero ndi dongosolo losavuta, kuyesera kufotokoza zenizeni za ndondomeko yomwe mukufuna, ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana idzakhala ndi kugawa kosiyana kwa plankton.Chiwerengero cha manambala chomwe chagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu sichingathe kufotokoza momveka bwino zina mwazomwe zawonedwa (mwachitsanzo, mu kuyerekezera kwa Chl kwa dera la equatorial ndi Nyanja ya Kumwera).Ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya m'nyanja yeniyeni yomwe imagwidwa, ndipo ma meso ndi ma-mesoscales sangathe kuthetsedwa, zomwe zingakhudze kusinthasintha kwa michere ndi kamangidwe kakang'ono kamagulu.Ngakhale pali zolakwika izi, zikuwoneka kuti AEP ndiyothandiza kwambiri pothandiza kumvetsetsa mitundu yovuta.Pakuwunika komwe zigawo za chilengedwe zofananira zimapezeka, AEP imapereka chida chofananira cha manambala.Nambala yamakono yamakono imajambula ndondomeko yonse ya phytoplankton Chl-a concentration ndi kugawa kwa plankton kukula ndi gulu logwira ntchito (Zindikirani S1 ndi Chithunzi S1) (2, 32).
Monga momwe 0.1 mgChl-a/m-3 contour line, AEP imagawidwa kukhala oligotrophic area ndi mesotrophic area (Chithunzi S1B): AEP B, C, D, E, F ndi G ndi madera oligotrophic, ndipo madera otsala ndi ili Higher Chl-a.AEP ikuwonetsa makalata ena ndi Chigawo cha Longhurst (Chithunzi S3A), mwachitsanzo, Nyanja ya Kumwera ndi Equatorial Pacific.M'madera ena, AEP imakhudza zigawo zingapo za Longhurst, mosemphanitsa.Popeza cholinga chogawa zigawo m'derali ndi Longhurst ndi chosiyana, zikuyembekezeka kuti padzakhala kusiyana.Ma AEP angapo m'chigawo cha Longhurst akuwonetsa kuti madera ena omwe ali ndi biogeochemistry yofananira angakhale ndi mawonekedwe osiyana kwambiri a chilengedwe.AEP imawonetsa makalata ena okhudzana ndi zochitika zakuthupi, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pogwiritsa ntchito maphunziro osayang'aniridwa (19), monga m'madera okwera kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, Southern Ocean ndi equatorial Pacific; Chithunzi S3, C ndi D).Makalatawa akuwonetsa kuti gulu la plankton limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kayendedwe ka nyanja.M'madera monga North Atlantic, AEP imadutsa zigawo zakuthupi.Njira yomwe imayambitsa kusiyana kumeneku zingaphatikizepo njira monga zoyendetsa fumbi, zomwe zingayambitse mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana a zakudya ngakhale pansi pamikhalidwe yofanana.
Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ndi AEP udawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito Chl kokha sikungazindikire zinthu zachilengedwe, monga momwe gulu la zamoyo zam'madzi lazindikira kale.Izi zimawonedwa mu ma AEP okhala ndi biomass ofanana koma mosiyana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe (monga D ndi E).Mosiyana, ma AEP monga D ndi K ali ndi biomass yosiyana kwambiri koma zachilengedwe zofanana.AEP imatsindika kuti ubale pakati pa biomass, chilengedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa zooplankton ndizovuta.Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale AEP J imadziwika kwambiri ndi phytoplankton ndi plankton biomass, AEP's A ndi L ali ndi biomass ya plankton yofanana, koma A ali ndi kuchuluka kwa plankton.AEP imatsindika kuti phytoplankton biomass (kapena Chl) singagwiritsidwe ntchito kulosera za zooplankton biomass.Zooplankton ndiye maziko a gulu lazakudya zausodzi, ndipo kuyerekezera kolondola kungapangitse kasamalidwe kabwino ka zinthu.Ma satellites amtundu wamtsogolo [mwachitsanzo, PACE (plankton, aerosol, cloud, and marine ecosystem)] akhoza kukhala m'malo abwinopo kuti athe kuyerekeza momwe phytoplankton imayendera.Kugwiritsa ntchito kulosera kwa AEP kumatha kuthandizira kuyerekezera kwa zooplankton kuchokera mumlengalenga.Njira monga SAGE, kuphatikizidwa ndi matekinoloje atsopano, ndi zochulukirachulukira zomwe zimapezeka pakufufuza zowona (monga Tara ndi kafukufuku wotsatira), zitha kutengapo gawo limodzi pakuwunika zaumoyo wopangidwa ndi satelayiti.
Njira ya SAGE imapereka njira yabwino yowunikira njira zina zomwe zimawongolera mawonekedwe a chigawo, monga biomass / Chl, kupanga choyambirira, ndi kapangidwe ka anthu.Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ma diatoms kumayikidwa ndi kusalinganika kwa Si, N, P, ndi Fe poyerekeza ndi zofunikira za phytoplankton stoichiometric.Pamlingo wokwanira woperekera, anthu ammudzi amalamulidwa ndi ma diatoms (L).Pamene kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumakhala kosakwanira (ndiko kuti, kupezeka kwa silicon kumakhala kotsika kuposa kuchuluka kwa michere ya diatoms), ma diatomu amawerengera gawo laling'ono (K).Pamene kuperekedwa kwa Fe ndi P kupitirira kuperekedwa kwa N (mwachitsanzo, E ndi H), mabakiteriya a diazotrophic adzakula mwamphamvu.Kupyolera mu nkhani yoperekedwa ndi AEP, kufufuza kwa njira zowongolera kudzakhala kothandiza kwambiri.
Eco-Province ndi AEP ndi madera omwe ali ndi magulu ofanana.Mndandanda wa nthawi kuchokera kumalo ena mkati mwa chigawo cha chilengedwe kapena AEP ukhoza kuonedwa ngati malo owonetserako ndipo ukhoza kuyimira dera lomwe lili ndi chilengedwe kapena AEP.Malo owunikira nthawi yayitali pamalopo amapereka mndandanda wanthawi zotere.Ma data a in-situ a nthawi yayitali apitiliza kugwira ntchito yosawerengeka.Poyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka anthu, njira ya SAGE ikhoza kuwonedwa ngati njira yothandizira kudziwa malo ofunikira kwambiri a malo atsopano.Mwachitsanzo, mndandanda wa nthawi kuchokera ku nthawi yayitali ya oligotrophic habitat assessment (ALOHA) ili mu AEP B ya dera la oligotrophic (Chithunzi 5C, chizindikiro 2).Chifukwa ALOHA ili pafupi ndi malire a AEP ina, mndandanda wa nthawi sungakhale woimira dera lonselo, monga momwe adanenera kale (33).Mu AEP B yomweyi, mndandanda wa nthawi SEATS (Southeast Asian Time Series) uli kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Taiwan (34), kutali ndi malire a ma AEPs ena (Chithunzi 5C, label 1), ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati malo abwinoko kuti ayang'anire. AEPB.The BATS (Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Study) mndandanda wa nthawi (Chithunzi 5C, cholembera 4) mu AEPC ili pafupi kwambiri ndi malire pakati pa AEP C ndi F, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti kuyang'anira AEP C pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi za BATS kungakhale kovuta.Sitima P mu AEP J (Chithunzi 5C, cholembera 3) ili kutali ndi malire a AEP, kotero imayimira kwambiri.Eco-Province ndi AEP zingathandize kukhazikitsa njira yowunikira yomwe ikuyenera kuwunika kusintha kwapadziko lonse, chifukwa chilolezo cha zigawo kuti chiwunikire komwe sampuli zapatsamba zingapereke zidziwitso zazikulu.Njira ya SAGE ikhoza kupangidwanso kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ku deta ya nyengo kuti iwonetsetse kusinthasintha kwa nthawi yopulumutsa.
Kupambana kwa njira ya SAGE kumatheka pogwiritsa ntchito mosamala njira za sayansi / ML ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha domain.Makamaka, t-SNE imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa mawonekedwe, omwe amasunga mawonekedwe a covariance a data yapamwamba kwambiri ndikuthandizira kuwonera kwa covariance topology.Detayo imakonzedwa mwa mawonekedwe a mikwingwirima ndi ma covariances (Chithunzi 2A), kusonyeza kuti miyeso yochokera patali (monga K-njira) sizoyenera chifukwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito gawo la Gaussian (zozungulira) (zokambidwa mu Note S2) .Njira ya DBSCAN ndiyoyenera pa covariance topology iliyonse.Malingana ngati mumayang'anitsitsa kukhazikitsa magawo, chizindikiritso chodalirika chingaperekedwe.Mtengo wowerengera wa t-SNE algorithm ndi wokwera kwambiri, womwe umalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ku data yochulukirapo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizovuta kugwiritsa ntchito kumadera akuya kapena nthawi zosiyanasiyana.Ntchito pa scalability ya t-SNE ikuchitika.Popeza mtunda wa KL ndi wosavuta kufananiza, algorithm ya t-SNE ili ndi mwayi wokulirapo mtsogolo (35).Pakalipano, njira zina zochepetsera kukula zomwe zingachepetse kukula kwake zikuphatikiza njira zofananira zofananira ndi projekiti (UMAP), koma kuunikira mokhudzana ndi deta yam'nyanja ndikofunikira.Tanthauzo la scalability bwino ndi, mwachitsanzo, kugawa nyengo zapadziko lonse lapansi kapena zitsanzo zokhala ndi zovuta zosiyana pamagulu osakanikirana.Madera omwe amalephera kusankhidwa ndi SAGE m'chigawo chilichonse akhoza kuonedwa ngati madontho akuda otsalira pa Chithunzi 2A.Malinga ndi malo, maderawa ali makamaka m'madera omwe ali ndi nyengo zambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kutenga zigawo za chilengedwe zomwe zimasintha pakapita nthawi zidzapereka chidziwitso chabwinoko.
Pofuna kupanga njira ya SAGE, malingaliro ochokera ku machitidwe ovuta / sayansi ya deta yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lodziwa magulu a magulu ogwira ntchito (kutheka kukhala pafupi kwambiri mu malo a 11-dimensional) ndikudziwitsa zigawo.Zigawo izi zikuwonetsa ma voliyumu enieni mu gawo lathu la 3D t-SNE.Momwemonso, gawo la Poincaré lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwunika "volume" ya malo aboma omwe amatengedwa ndi njira kuti adziwe "zabwinobwino" kapena "zosokoneza" (36).Pazotulutsa zamtundu wa 11-dimensional, voliyumu yomwe idakhala deta ikasinthidwa kukhala gawo la 3D imatha kufotokozedwanso chimodzimodzi.Ubale pakati pa malo ndi malo mu gawo la 3D siwophweka, koma ukhoza kufotokozedwa molingana ndi kufanana kwa chilengedwe.Pachifukwa ichi, muyeso wamba wa BC wosiyana umasankhidwa.
Ntchito yamtsogolo idzagwiritsanso ntchito njira ya SAGE pakusintha kwanyengo kuti awone kusinthasintha kwa malo a zigawo zodziwika ndi AEP.Cholinga chamtsogolo ndikugwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuti zithandizire kudziwa kuti ndi zigawo ziti zomwe zingadziwike kudzera mumiyezo ya satellite (monga Chl-a, remote sensing reflectivity ndi kutentha kwa pamwamba pa nyanja).Izi zidzalola kuwunika kwakutali kwazinthu zachilengedwe komanso kuwunika kosinthika kwa zigawo za chilengedwe ndi kusiyanasiyana kwake.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikuwonetsa njira ya SAGE, yomwe imatanthawuza chigawo cha chilengedwe kudzera mu chikhalidwe chake chapadera cha plankton.Apa, chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane chokhudza thupi/biogeochemical/ecosystem model ndi kusankha kwa parameter kwa t-SNE ndi DBSCAN algorithms kudzaperekedwa.
Zigawo zakuthupi za chitsanzo zimachokera ku kuyerekezera kwa kayendedwe ka nyanja ndi nyengo [ECCOv4;(37) kuyerekezera kwadziko lonse komwe kufotokozedwa ndi (38).Chiyerekezo chodziwika bwino cha chiyerekezo cha boma ndi 1/5.Njira yaying'ono yamabwalo ndi njira ya Lagrangian yochulutsa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ipeze zoyambira ndi malire ndi magawo amkati amitundu yosinthidwa ndikuwona, potero kupanga MITgcm yozungulira yaulere (MITgcm) (39), chitsanzo Pambuyo kukhathamiritsa, zotsatira zimatha kutsatiridwa ndi kuwonedwa.
Biogeochemistry/ecosystem ili ndi kufotokozera kokwanira (ie equations ndi parameter values) mu (2).Mtunduwu umatengera kufalikira kwa C, N, P, Si ndi Fe kudzera m'mayiwe achilengedwe ndi achilengedwe.Mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pano umaphatikizapo mitundu 35 ya phytoplankton: 2 mitundu ya microprokaryotes ndi 2 mitundu ya microeukaryotes (yoyenera malo okhala ndi michere yochepa), mitundu 5 ya Cryptomonas sphaeroides (yokhala ndi zokutira calcium carbonate), mitundu 5 ya diazonium ( Itha kukonza nayitrogeni, kotero sichimachepa) kupezeka kwa nayitrogeni wosungunuka), 11 diatom (kupanga chivundikiro cha siliceous), ma flagellate 10 osakanikirana (amatha kupanga photosynthesize ndi kudya plankton zina) ndi 16 Zooplankton (amadya pa plankton ina).Izi zimatchedwa "biogeochemical functional groups" chifukwa zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa marine biogeochemistry (40, 41) ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana ndi maphunziro a zitsanzo.Muchitsanzo ichi, gulu lirilonse logwira ntchito limapangidwa ndi ma plankton angapo a kukula kwake, ndi kutalika kwa 0,6 mpaka 2500 μm yofanana ndi spherical diameter.
Zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwa phytoplankton, msipu ndi kumira zimagwirizana ndi kukula kwake, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu asanu ndi limodzi ogwira ntchito a phytoplankton (32).Ngakhale kuti pali machitidwe osiyanasiyana a thupi, zotsatira za zigawo za plankton za 51 za chitsanzo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro angapo aposachedwapa (42-44).
Kuchokera mu 1992 mpaka 2011, mawonekedwe a thupi/biogeochemical/ecosystem coupling model anayenda kwa zaka 20.Kutulutsa kwachitsanzo kumaphatikizapo plankton biomass, kuchuluka kwa michere ndi kuchuluka kwa michere (DIN, PO4, Si ndi Fe).Mu kafukufukuyu, avareji ya zaka 20 za zotulukazi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo la Ecological Province.Chl, kugawa kwa plankton biomass ndi ndende ya michere ndi kugawa kwamagulu ogwira ntchito kumayerekezedwa ndi ma satellite ndi ma in-situ [onani (2, 44), Note S1 ndi chithunzi.S1 mpaka S3].
Kwa njira ya SAGE, gwero lalikulu lachisawawa limachokera ku sitepe ya t-SNE.Kusasinthika kumalepheretsa kubwereza, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zotsatira zake ndi zosadalirika.Njira ya SAGE imayesa mwamphamvu kulimba kwake pozindikira magawo a t-SNE ndi DBSCAN, omwe amatha kuzindikira masango nthawi zonse.Kuzindikira "kudodometsedwa" kwa t-SNE parameter kumatha kumveka ngati kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mapu kuchokera kumtunda mpaka kutsika kuyenera kulemekeza mawonekedwe amderalo kapena apadziko lonse lapansi a data.Adafikira chisokonezo cha 400 ndi 300 kubwereza.
Pa clustering aligorivimu DBSCAN, kukula kochepa ndi mtunda wa metric wa ma data mu cluster ayenera kudziwa.Chiwerengero chochepa chimatsimikiziridwa motsogozedwa ndi akatswiri.Chidziwitso ichi chimadziwa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi ndondomeko yamakono ya chiwerengero ndi kuthetsa.Nambala yocheperako ndi 100. Mtengo wochepa kwambiri (ochepera <135 usanafike malire apamwamba a zobiriwira) ukhoza kuganiziridwa, koma sungathe m'malo mwa njira yophatikizira potengera kusiyana kwa BC.Mlingo wa kugwirizana (Chithunzi 6A) amagwiritsidwa ntchito poika ϵ parameter, yomwe imathandizira kufalitsa kwakukulu (Chithunzi 6B).Kulumikizana kumatanthauzidwa ngati chiwerengero chamagulu amagulu ndipo chimakhudzidwa ndi ϵ parameter.Malumikizidwe apansi akuwonetsa kusakwanira kokwanira, kuphatikiza zigawo pamodzi.Kulumikizana kwakukulu kumawonetsa kukwanira.Kuchulukitsa kumakhalanso kovuta, chifukwa kumawonetsa kuti kungoyerekeza koyambirira kungayambitse zotsatira zosabereka.Pakati pazigawo ziwirizi, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu (komwe kumatchedwa "chigongono") kumasonyeza bwino ϵ.Chithunzi 6A, mukuwona kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa dera lamapiri (achikasu,> masango a 200), kutsatiridwa ndi kuchepa kwakukulu (magulu obiriwira, 100), mpaka pafupifupi 130, atazunguliridwa ndi masango ochepa kwambiri (buluu, <60 masango) ).M'madera osachepera a buluu a 100, gulu limodzi limayang'anira nyanja yonse (ϵ <0.42), kapena nyanja zambiri sizimagawidwa ndipo zimatengedwa ngati phokoso (ϵ> 0.99).Malo achikasu ali ndi magawo osinthika kwambiri, osaberekana ndi magulu.Pamene ϵ imachepa, phokoso limawonjezeka.Malo obiriwira omwe akuwonjezeka kwambiri amatchedwa chigongono.Ili ndi gawo labwino kwambiri.Ngakhale kuthekera kwa t-SNE kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, kusiyana kwa BC mkati mwachigawo kumatha kugwiritsidwabe ntchito kudziwa masango odalirika.Pogwiritsa ntchito Chithunzi 6 (A ndi B), ikani ϵ ku 0.39.Chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri, chochepa chotheka chofikira ku ϵ chomwe chimalola gulu lodalirika, komanso malo obiriwira omwe ali ndi mtengo waukulu kuposa 135. Kukula kwa derali kumasonyeza kuti chigongono chidzakhala chovuta kupeza kapena chosakhala- alipo.
Pambuyo pokhazikitsa magawo a t-SNE, chiwerengero chonse cha magulu omwe apezeka chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyeso wa kulumikizana (A) ndi kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe yaperekedwa ku cluster (B).Dothi lofiira likuwonetsa kuphatikiza kwabwino kwa kuphimba ndi kulumikizana.Chiwerengero chochepa chimayikidwa molingana ndi chiwerengero chochepa chokhudzana ndi chilengedwe.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za nkhaniyi, chonde onani http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/22/eaay4740/DC1
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Funsoli limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ngati ndinu mlendo ndikuletsa kutumiza sipamu zokha.
Global Ministry of Marine Ecology yatsimikiza kuthetsa mavuto ovuta ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito ML yosayang'aniridwa kuti ifufuze momwe anthu akumidzi.
Global Ministry of Marine Ecology yatsimikiza kuthetsa mavuto ovuta ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito ML yosayang'aniridwa kuti ifufuze momwe anthu akumidzi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-12-2021