Kuhlongozwa indlela yokufunda engagadiwe ukuze kunqunywe izifundazwe zomhlaba zasolwandle zemvelo (izifundazwe ze-eco-izifundazwe) ngokusekelwe kusakhiwo somphakathi we-plankton kanye nedatha ye-nutrient flux.Indlela ehlelekile yesifunda semvelo edidiyelwe (i-SAGE) ingahlonza izifundazwe zemvelo kumamodeli we-ecosystem angaqondile kakhulu.Ukuze ijwayelane ne-covariance engeyona eye-Gaussian yedatha, i-SAGE isebenzisa t ukushumeka komakhelwane okungahleliwe (t-SNE) ukunciphisa ubukhulu.Ngosizo lohlelo lokusebenza lomsindo olusekelwe ku-algorithm ye-density-based spatial clustering (DBSCAN), izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwekhulu zezemvelo zingabonakala.Kusetshenziswa imephu yokuxhumana enomehluko wemvelo njengesilinganiso sebanga, i-robust aggregated ecological province (AEP) ichazwa ngendlela efanele ngezifundazwe ezihlala esidlekeni semvelo.Kusetshenziswa ama-AEP, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokuhlinzekwa kwezakhi zomsoco esakhiweni somphakathi kwahlolisiswa.I-Eco-province ne-AEP zihlukile futhi zingasiza ukutolika okuyimodeli.Angenza kube lula ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwamamodeli futhi angathuthukisa ukuqonda nokuqapha imvelo yasolwandle.
Izifundazwe ziyizifunda lapho i-biogeography eyinkimbinkimbi olwandle noma emhlabeni ihlelwe yaba izindawo ezihambisanayo nezinengqondo (1).Lezi zifundazwe zibaluleke kakhulu ekuqhathaniseni nasekuqhathaniseni izindawo, ziveze okubonwayo, ukuqapha nokuvikela.Ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi nokungaqondile okukhiqiza lezi zifundazwe kwenza izindlela zokufunda zomshini ezingagadiwe (ML) zifaneleke kakhulu ekunqumeni izifundazwe ngendlela eqondile, ngoba i-covariance kudatha iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ayiyona i-Gaussian.Lapha, kuhlongozwa indlela ye-ML, ekhomba ngokuhlelekile izifundazwe ezihlukile zemvelo yasolwandle (izifundazwe ze-eco-izifundazwe) kusukela kumodeli ye-Darwin global-three-dimensional (3D) ebonakalayo/ye-ecosystem (2).Igama elithi “okuyingqayizivele” lisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi indawo ekhonjiwe ayidluleli ngokwanele kwezinye izindawo.Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi indlela ye-System Integrated Ecological Province (SAGE).Ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlukanisa ngezigaba okuwusizo, indlela ye-algorithm idinga ukuvumela (i) ukuhlelwa komhlaba wonke kanye (ii) nokuhlaziywa kwezilinganiso eziningi ezingafakwa/kuhlanganiswe emkhathini nesikhathi (3).Kulolu cwaningo, indlela ye-SAGE yahlongozwa kuqala futhi kwaxoxwa ngezifundazwe ezihlonziwe zemvelo.Izifundazwe ze-Eco zingathuthukisa ukuqonda kwezinto ezilawula ukwakheka komphakathi, zinikeze imininingwane ewusizo yamasu okuqapha, futhi zisize ukulandelela izinguquko ku-ecosystem.
Izifundazwe zomhlaba zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngokufana kwesimo sezulu (imvula namazinga okushisa), umhlabathi, izimila, nezilwane, futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuphatha okuyisizayo, ucwaningo lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, nokulawulwa kwezifo (1, 4).Izifundazwe zasolwandle kunzima kakhulu ukuzichaza.Izinto eziningi eziphilayo zincane kakhulu, zinemingcele yoketshezi.Longhurst et al.(5) Ihlinzeke ngezigaba zokuqala zomhlaba jikelele zoMnyango Wezocwaningo Lwezolwandle ngokusekelwe ezimeni zemvelo.Incazelo yalezi zifundazwe ze-“Longhurst” ihlanganisa okuguquguqukayo okufana nezinga lokuxutshwa, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye ne-irradiance, kanye nolwazi olubanzi lukaLonghurst njengomdwebi wezilwandle zasolwandle, onezinye izimo ezibalulekile zemvelo yasolwandle.I-Longhurst isetshenziswe kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola ukukhiqizwa okuyisisekelo kanye nokuguquguquka kwekhabhoni, izindawo zokudoba zokusiza, nokuhlela imisebenzi yokubuka endaweni (5-9).Ukuze kuchazwe izifundazwe ngendlela eqondile, izindlela ezifana nokucabanga okungaqondakali kanye nokuhlanganisa/izibalo zesifunda ezingagadiwe zisetshenzisiwe (9-14).Inhloso yalezi zindlela ukuhlonza izinhlaka ezinengqondo ezingakhomba izifundazwe kudatha yokubuka etholakalayo.Isibonelo, izifundazwe zasolwandle eziguquguqukayo (12) zisebenzisa amamephu azihlelayo ukuze zinciphise umsindo, futhi zisebenzisa iqoqo lezigaba (ezisekelwe esihlahleni) ukuze zinqume imikhiqizo yombala wasolwandle etholakala kumasathelayithi esifunda [chlorophyll a (Chl-a), ubude bomugqa we-Fluorescence ojwayelekile kanye izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe ezinombala] kanye nenkundla ebonakalayo (izinga lokushisa kwamanzi olwandle kanye nosawoti, i-absolute dynamic topography kanye neqhwa lasolwandle).
Isakhiwo somphakathi weplankton siyakhathaza ngoba imvelo yayo inethonya elikhulu emazingeni aphezulu ezakhi, ukumuncwa kwekhabhoni kanye nesimo sezulu.Noma kunjalo, kusewumgomo oyinselele futhi ongeke ukwazi ukunquma isifundazwe sezemvelo emhlabeni wonke ngokusekelwe kuhlaka lomphakathi we-plankton.Amasathelayithi ombala wasolwandle akwazi ukunikeza imininingwane ngesigaba esimahhadlahhadla se-phytoplankton noma aphakamise izinzuzo zamaqembu asebenzayo (15), kodwa okwamanje awakwazi ukunikeza imininingwane enemininingwane ngesakhiwo somphakathi.Inhlolovo yakamuva [isb. i-Tara Ocean (16)] ihlinzeka ngezilinganiso ezingakaze zibonwe zesakhiwo somphakathi;okwamanje, kukhona kuphela ukubonwa kwe-in-situ okumbalwa emhlabeni jikelele (17).Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lunqume kakhulu "iSifundazwe se-Biogeochemical" (12, 14, 18) ngokusekelwe ekunqumeni ukufana kwe-biochemical (njengokukhiqiza okuyinhloko, i-Chl nokukhanya okutholakalayo).Lapha, imodeli yezinombolo isetshenziselwa okukhiphayo [Darwin(2)], futhi isifundazwe semvelo sinqunywa ngokwesakhiwo somphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwezakhi.Imodeli yezinombolo esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo inomkhakha wembulunga yonke futhi ingaqhathaniswa nedatha yenkambu ekhona (17) nezinkambu zeenzwa ezikude (Qaphela S1).Idatha yemodeli yezinombolo esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo inenzuzo yokufakwa emhlabeni jikelele.Imodeli ye-ecosystem iqukethe izinhlobo ezingama-35 ze-phytoplankton kanye nezinhlobo eziyi-16 ze-zooplankton (sicela ubhekisele ezintweni nezindlela).Izinhlobo ze-plankton zamamodeli zisebenzisana ngokungahambisani nezakhiwo ezingezona eze-Gaussian covariance, ngakho-ke izindlela ezilula zokuxilonga azifaneleki ukuhlonza amaphethini ahlukile nangaguquguquki ezakhiweni zomphakathi ezisafufusa.Indlela ye-SAGE eyethulwe lapha inikeza indlela entsha yokuhlola okukhiphayo kwamamodeli ayinkimbinkimbi ka-Darwin.
Amandla okuguqula anamandla esayensi yedatha/ubuchwepheshe be-ML anganika amandla izixazululo zemodeli eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuze ziveze izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa eziqinile ekuhlanganisweni kwedatha.Indlela eqinile ichazwa njengendlela engakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha imiphumela ngokwethembeka ngaphakathi kwebanga lephutha elinikeziwe.Ngisho nasezinhlelweni ezilula, ukuthola amaphethini aqinile namasignali kungaba inselele.Kuze kube yilapho kunqunywa isizathu esiholela kuphethini eboniwe, ubunkimbinkimbi obuvelayo bungase bubonakale bunzima/kunzima ukubuxazulula.Inqubo eyinhloko yokusetha ukwakheka kwe-ecosystem ayikona umugqa ngokwemvelo.Ukuba khona kokusebenzelana okungekona umugqa kungadida ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukugwema izindlela ezenza imibono eqinile mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwezibalo okuyisisekelo kwe-covariance yedatha.Idatha enobukhulu obuphezulu nengaqondile ijwayelekile ku-oceanography futhi ingase ibe nesakhiwo se-covariance esine-topology eyinkimbinkimbi, engeyona eye-Gaussian.Nakuba idatha enokwakheka kwe-covariance okungeyona eye-Gaussian ingase ivimbele ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile, indlela ye-SAGE iyinoveli ngoba yakhelwe ukuhlonza amaqoqo anama-topology angenangqondo.
Umgomo wendlela ye-SAGE ukuhlonza ngokuyikho amaphethini avelayo angasiza ukuqonda okwengeziwe kwemvelo.Kulandela ukuhamba komsebenzi okusekelwe kwiqoqo okufana no-(19), okuguquguqukayo kokuguquguquka kwemvelo nezakhi kusetshenziswa ukunquma iqoqo okuwukuphela kwalo kudatha, elibizwa ngokuthi isifundazwe semvelo.Indlela ye-SAGE ehlongozwayo kulolu cwaningo (Umfanekiso 1) iqala yehlisa ubukhulu ukusuka ku-55 kuya ku-11 ubukhulu ngokufingqa amaqembu asebenzayo we-plankton achaze i-prioori (bona Izinto Zokusebenza kanye Nezindlela).Kusetshenziswa indlela yokushumeka komakhelwane okungahleliwe (t-SNE), usayizi uyancishiswa ngokuveza amathuba esikhaleni se-3D.Ukuhlanganisa okungagadiwe kungakhomba izindawo ezisondelene nemvelo [i-density-based spatial clustering (DBSCAN) yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisekelwe emsindweni].Kokubili i-t-SNE ne-DBSCAN ziyasebenza kudatha yemodeli yezinombolo ye-ecosystem engaqondile.Bese wenqaba isifunda semvelo esiwumphumela emhlabeni.Zingaphezu kwekhulu izifundazwe eziyingqayizivele zemvelo ezihlonziwe, ezifanele ucwaningo lwesifunda.Ukuze kucatshangelwe imodeli ye-ecosystem engaguquguquki emhlabeni wonke, indlela ye-SAGE isetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa izifundazwe ze-ecological zibe izifundazwe ze-ecological aggregated (AEP) ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezifundazwe zemvelo.Izinga lokuhlanganisa (elibizwa “ngenkimbinkimbi”) lingalungiswa libe sezingeni lemininingwane edingekayo.Nquma ubuncane obuyinkimbinkimbi be-AEP eqinile.Ukugxila kokukhethwa kuyindlela ye-SAGE kanye nokuhlola izimo ze-AEP eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuze kunqunywe ukulawulwa kwesakhiwo somphakathi esiphuthumayo.Khona-ke amaphethini angahlaziywa ukuze anikeze imininingwane yemvelo.Indlela eyethulwe lapha ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukuqhathanisa imodeli kabanzi, isibonelo, ngokuhlola izindawo zezifundazwe ezifanayo zezemvelo ezitholakala kumamodeli ahlukene ukuze kugqanyiswe umehluko nokufana, ukuze kuqhathaniswe amamodeli.
(A) Umdwebo wohlelo lokuhamba komsebenzi wokunquma isifundazwe semvelo;kusetshenziswa isamba eqenjini elisebenzayo ukuze kwehliswe idatha yoqobo engu-55-dimensional ibe imodeli yokukhishwa kwe-11-dimensional, okuhlanganisa i-biomass yamaplankton ayisikhombisa asebenzayo/izakhi kanye namazinga amane okunikezwa kwezakhi.Inani elingenalutho nendawo ehlala njalo yekhava yeqhwa.Idatha ilinganiswe futhi yafanekiswa.Nikeza ngedatha ye-11-dimensional ku-algorithm ye-t-SNE ukuze kugqanyiswe izinhlanganisela zezici ezifanayo ngokwezibalo.I-DBSCAN izokhetha ngokucophelela iqoqo ukuze isethe inani lepharamitha.Ekugcineni phrojusa idatha ibuyele ku-latitude/longitude projection.Sicela uqaphele ukuthi le nqubo iphindwa izikhathi ezingu-10 ngenxa yokuthi ukungahleliwe okuncane kungase kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa i-t-SNE.(B) ichaza indlela yokuthola i-AEP ngokuphinda ukugeleza komsebenzi ku-(A) izikhathi eziyi-10.Ngakunye kwalokhu kuqaliswa okuyi-10, ukungafani kwe-matrix yezifundazwe ze-Bray-Curtis (BC) kwanqunywa ngokusekelwe ku-biomass yezinhlobo ze-phytoplankton ezingu-51.Thola umehluko we-BC phakathi kwezifundazwe, ukusuka kokuyinkimbinkimbi 1 AEP ukuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi okuphelele 115. Ibhentshimakhi ye-BC isethwe yiSifundazwe saseLonghurst.
Indlela ye-SAGE isebenzisa okukhiphayo kwemodeli yezinombolo ye-3D yomhlaba wonke ye-ecosystem ukuze ichaze isifundazwe se-ecology [Darwin (2);bheka Izinto Ezisetshenziswayo Nezindlela kanye Nenothi S1].Izingxenye ze-ecosystem zenziwe ngezinhlobo ezingu-35 ze-phytoplankton kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-16 ze-zooplankton, ezinamaqembu ayisikhombisa asebenzayo achazwe ngaphambilini: ama-prokaryote nama-eukaryote ajwayele indawo enomsoco ophansi, i-coccidia ene-calcium carbonate coating, kanye nokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen esindayo Izakhi ze-nitrogen (imvamisa azikho imisoco ebalulekile), embozwe nge-siliceous, ingenza enye i-photosynthesis ye-plankton futhi idlise ama-flagellates anomsoco oxubile kanye nabelusi be-zooplankton.Usayizi we-span ngu-0.6 kuya ku-2500μm olingana nobubanzi be-spherical.Ukusatshalaliswa okuyimodeli kosayizi we-phytoplankton kanye neqoqo elisebenzayo lithwebula izici zizonke ezibonwa ku-satellite kanye nokubhekwa kwendawo (bona Izibalo S1 kuya ku-S3).Ukufana phakathi kwemodeli yezinombolo nolwandle olubukiwe kubonisa ukuthi izifundazwe ezichazwe imodeli zingase zisebenze olwandle lwe-in-situ.Sicela uqaphele ukuthi le modeli ithwebula kuphela ukuhlukahluka okuthile kwe-phytoplankton, kanye nezigaba ezithile zokuphoqelela ezingokwenyama namakhemikhali kuphela ze-in situ ocean.Indlela ye-SAGE ingenza abantu baqonde kangcono indlela yokulawula yesifunda yesakhiwo somphakathi esiyimodeli.
Ngokufaka kuphela isamba se-surface biomass (nesikhathi esimaphakathi seminyaka engama-20) eqenjini ngalinye elisebenzayo le-plankton, ubukhulu bedatha bungancishiswa.Ngemva kokuba izifundo zangaphambili zibonise indima yazo ebalulekile ekumiseni ukwakheka komphakathi, iphinde yahlanganisa amagama omthombo ongaphezulu wokuguquguquka kwezakhi (ukunikezwa kwe-nitrogen, insimbi, i-phosphate ne-silicic acid) [isib (20, 21)] .Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu asebenzayo kunciphisa inkinga kusuka ku-55 (51 plankton kanye ne-4 nutrient fluxes) kuya kubukhulu obuyi-11.Kulolu cwaningo lokuqala, ngenxa yezingqinamba zokubala ezibekwe yi-algorithm, ukujula nokuhlukahluka kwesikhathi akuzange kucatshangelwe.
Indlela ye-SAGE iyakwazi ukubona ubudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kwezinqubo ezingezona umugqa kanye nezici ezibalulekile zokusebenzelana phakathi kwe-biomass yeqembu elisebenzayo kanye nokugeleza kwezakhi.Ukusebenzisa idatha ye-11-dimensional esekelwe ezindleleni zokufunda amabanga e-Euclidean (njenge-K-means) akukwazi ukuthola izifundazwe ezinokwethenjelwa nezikwazi ukukhiqizwa kabusha (19, 22).Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi asikho umumo we-Gaussian otholakala ekusabalaliseni okuyisisekelo kwe-covariance yezinto ezibalulekile ezichaza isifundazwe semvelo.Izindlela ze-K zamaseli e-Voronoi (imigqa eqondile) azikwazi ukugcina ukusabalalisa okuyisisekelo okungesona kwe-Gaussian.
I-biomass yamaqembu asebenzayo we-plankton ayisikhombisa kanye nokuguquguquka kwezakhi ezine kwakha i-vector ye-11-dimensional x.Ngakho-ke, u-x uyinkambu yevekhtha kugridi yemodeli, lapho i-elementi ngayinye ethi xi imele ivektha enezinhlangothi ezingu-11 echazwe kugridi evundlile yemodeli.Inkomba ngayinye i-i ikhomba ngokuhlukile iphoyinti legridi ku-sphere, lapho (lon, lat) = (ϕi, θi).Uma i-biomass yeyunithi yegridi yemodeli ingaphansi kuka-1.2×10-3mg Chl/m3 noma izinga lokumbozwa kweqhwa lidlula u-70%, ilogi yedatha ye-biomass iyasetshenziswa futhi ilahlwe.Idatha ijwayele ukwenziwa futhi ifane, ngakho yonke idatha ikububanzi obungu-[0 kuye ku-1], isilinganiso siyasuswa futhi sikalwe sibe ukuhluka kweyunithi.Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze izici (i-biomass ne-nutrient flux) zinganqunyelwe ukugqama kububanzi bamanani angenzeka.Ukuhlanganisa kufanele kuthwebule ubudlelwano boshintsho ukusuka ebangeni elibalulekile lamathuba phakathi kwezici kunebanga lendawo.Ngokulinganisa la mabanga, izici ezibalulekile ziyavela, kuyilapho imininingwane engadingekile ilahlwa.Ngokombono wemvelo, lokhu kuyadingeka ngoba ezinye izinhlobo ze-phytoplankton ezine-biomass encane zingase zibe nemiphumela emikhulu ye-biogeochemical, njengokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen ngamabhaktheriya e-diazotrophic.Lapho kumiswa futhi kujwayezwa idatha, lezi zinhlobo zama-covariate zizogqanyiswa.
Ngokugcizelela ukusondela kwezici endaweni yobukhulu obuphakeme ekumeleleni okuphansi, i-algorithm ye-t-SNE isetshenziselwa ukwenza izifunda ezikhona ezifanayo zicace kakhudlwana.Umsebenzi wangaphambilini obuhloselwe ukwakha amanethiwekhi ajulile we-neural wezinhlelo zokusebenza zenzwa ekude ezisetshenziswa i-t-SNE, efakazele ikhono layo ekuhlukaniseni izici ezibalulekile (23).Lesi isinyathelo esidingekayo sokukhomba ukuhlanganisa okuqinile kudatha yesici kuyilapho ugwema izixazululo ezingaguquki (inothi S2).Isebenzisa izikhwebu ze-Gaussian, i-t-SNE igcina izici zezibalo zedatha ngokwenza imephu into ngayinye enobukhulu obuphezulu iye endaweni ethile endaweni yesigaba se-3D, ngalokho iqinisekisa ukuthi amathuba ezinto ezifanayo eziqondisweni eziphakeme neziphansi ziphezulu endaweni ephakeme- indawo enobukhulu (24).Njengoba kunikezwe isethi yezinto ezinobukhulu obuphezulu ongu-N x1,…,xN, i-algorithm ye-t-SNE yehlisa ngokunciphisa ukwehluka kwe-Kullback-Leibler (KL) (25).Ukwehlukana kwe-KL isilinganiso sokuthi ukusabalalisa kwamathuba ahluke kanjani ekusabalazweni kwamathuba ereferensi yesibili, futhi kungahlola ngempumelelo ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlobana phakathi kwezethulo ezinobukhulu obuphansi bezici ezinobukhulu obuphezulu.Uma u-xi eyinto engu-i-th esikhaleni esingu-N-dimensional, u-xj into engu-j-th esikhaleni esingu-N-dimensional, i-yi into engu-i-th endaweni enobukhulu obuphansi, futhi u-yj yinto engu-j-th endaweni ephansi. -isikhala sobukhulu, bese u-t -SNE echaza ithuba lokufana ppj∣i = exp(-∥xi-xj∥2/2σi2)∑k≠iexp(-∥xi-xk∥2/2σi2), kanye nesethi yokunciphisa ubukhulu q∣j = (1+ ∥ yi-yj∥2)-1∑k≠i(1 +∥yj-yk∥2)-1
Umfanekiso 2A ubonisa umphumela wokunciphisa i-biomass kanye nama-nutrient flux vectors wenhlanganisela ye-11-dimensional ukuya ku-3D.Isisusa sokusebenzisa i-t-SNE singaqhathaniswa nokugqugquzelwa kokuhlaziywa kwengxenye eyinhloko (PCA), esebenzisa isibaluli sokuhluka ukuze kugcizelele indawo/imfanelo yedatha, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ubukhulu.Indlela ye-t-SNE itholwe iphakeme kune-PCA ekunikezeni imiphumela ethembekile nephinde ikhiqizeke ye-Eco-Ministry (bona Inothi S2).Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi ukucabangela kwe-orthogonality kwe-PCA akufanelekile ukuhlonza ukusebenzisana okubalulekile phakathi kwezici ezisebenzisanayo ezingaqondile, ngoba i-PCA igxile ezakhiweni ze-covariance eziqondile (26).Isebenzisa idatha yenzwa yokude, uLunga et al.(27) ikhombisa indlela yokusebenzisa indlela ye-SNE ukuze kugqanyiswe izici ze-spectral eziyinkimbinkimbi nezingaqondile ezichezuka ekusabalaliseni kwe-Gaussian.
(A) Izinga lokuhlinzekwa kwezakhi ezimodelayo, i-phytoplankton kanye ne-zooplankton functional group biomass edwetshwa i-algorithm ye-t-SNE futhi yafakwa umbala ngesifundazwe kusetshenziswa i-DBSCAN.Iphuzu ngalinye limelela iphuzu endaweni enobukhulu obuphakeme, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 6B, amaphuzu amaningi ayabanjwa.Amashafti abhekisela ku-“t-SNE” osayizi 1, 2 kanye no-3. (B) Ukuboniswa kwendawo yesifundazwe okutholwe yi-DBSCAN kugridi ye-latitude-longitude yemvelaphi.Umbala kufanele uthathwe njenganoma yimuphi umbala, kodwa kufanele uhambisane no (A).
Amaphuzu ku-t-SNE yesakhiwo sokuhlakazeka ku-Figure 2A ahlotshaniswa ngokulandelana ne-latitude nobude.Uma amaphuzu amabili kuMfanekiso 2A esondelene, kungenxa yokuthi i-biomass yawo kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezakhi kuyafana, hhayi ngenxa yokuba seduze kwendawo.Imibala ekuMdwebo 2A amaqoqo atholwe kusetshenziswa indlela ye-DBSCAN (28).Uma ufuna ukubhekwa okuminyene, i-algorithm ye-DBSCAN isebenzisa ibanga ekumelelweni kwe-3D phakathi kwamaphuzu (ϵ = 0.39; ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nalokhu kukhetha, bheka Izinto Ezibalulekile Nezindlela), futhi inani lamaphoyinti afanayo liyadingeka ukuze kuchazwe iqoqo (lapha 100 amaphuzu, sicela ubone ngenhla).Indlela ye-DBSCAN ayenzi noma yikuphi ukucabangela mayelana nesimo noma inombolo yamaqoqo kudatha, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngezansi:
3) Kuwo wonke amaphuzu akhonjwe angaphakathi kwebanga elingaphakathi, phinda isinyathelo sesi-2 ukuze unqume umngcele weqoqo.Uma inani lamaphoyinti likhulu kunenani eliphansi elimisiwe, likhethwa njengeqoqo.
Idatha engahlangabezani nelungu leqoqo elincane kanye nebanga elithi ϵ metric libhekwa “njengomsindo” futhi alabelwe umbala.I-DBSCAN iyi-algorithm esheshayo nengakalayo enokusebenza kwe-O(n2) esimweni esibi kakhulu.Ekuhlaziyeni kwamanje, empeleni akukhona nje okungahleliwe.Inombolo encane yamaphoyinti inqunywa ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe.Ngemva kokulungisa ibanga ngemva kwalokho, umphumela awuzinzi ngokwanele ebangeni elingu-≈±10.Leli banga lisethwe kusetshenziswa ukuxhumana (Umfanekiso 6A) kanye nephesenti lokumboza kolwandle (Umfanekiso 6B).Ukuxhumana kuchazwa njengenombolo eyinhlanganisela yamaqoqo futhi kuyazwela kupharamitha ye-ϵ.Ukuxhumana okuphansi kubonisa ukulingana okwanele, ukuqoqa izifunda ndawonye.Ukuxhumana okuphezulu kubonisa ukufakwa ngokweqile.Kuyacatshangelwa ukusebenzisa ubuncane obuphezulu, kodwa uma ubuncane budlula i-ca, akunakwenzeka ukufeza isisombululo esithembekile.135 (Ukuthola imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka Izinto Ezisetshenziswayo Nezindlela).
Amaqoqo ayi-115 ahlonzwe kuMdwebo 2A ahlelwa abuyele emhlabeni kuMfanekiso 2B.Umbala ngamunye uhambisana nenhlanganisela ehlangene yezinto ze-biogeochemical kanye ne-ecological ezihlonzwe yi-DBSCAN.Uma amaqoqo esenqunyiwe, ukuhlotshaniswa kwephoyinti ngalinye ku-Figure 2A ne-latitude ethile nobude kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amaqoqo abuyele endaweni.Umfanekiso 2B ukhombisa lokhu ngemibala yeqoqo efanayo njengoMfanekiso 2A.Imibala efanayo akumele ihunyushwe njengokufana kwemvelo, ngoba yabiwa ngokulandelana lapho amaqoqo atholwa khona nge-algorithm.
Indawo ekuMfanekiso 2B ingafana ngekhwalithi nendawo emisiwe endaweni ebonakalayo kanye/noma ye-biogeochemistry yolwandle.Isibonelo, amaqoqo e-Southern Ocean ano-zone-symmetrical, nama-oligotrophic vortices avelayo, futhi ukuguquka okubukhali kubonisa umthelela wemimoya yokuhweba.Ngokwesibonelo, e-equatorial Pacific, izifunda ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nokukhuphuka ziyabonakala.
Ukuze kuqondwe indawo ezungezile yemvelo yeSifundazwe Se-Eco, okuhlukile kwenkomba yomehluko ye-Bray-Curtis (BC) (29) yasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe i-ecology kuqoqo.Inkomba ye-BC idatha yezibalo esetshenziselwa ukulinganisa umehluko esakhiweni somphakathi phakathi kwamasayithi amabili ahlukene.Isilinganiso se-BC sisebenza ku-biomass yezinhlobo ezingu-51 ze-phytoplankton ne-zooplankton BCninj = 1-2CninjSni + Snj
I-BCninj ibhekisela ekufananeni phakathi kwenhlanganisela ethi ni kanye nenhlanganisela nj, lapho i-Cninj iyinani eliphansi lohlobo olulodwa lwe-biomass ekhona kuzo zombili izinhlanganisela okuthi ni kanye ne-nj, futhi i-Sni imelela isamba sayo yonke i-biomass ekhona kuzo zombili izinhlanganisela ethi ni kanye ne-Snj.Umehluko we-BC uyafana nesilinganiso sebanga, kodwa usebenza endaweni engeyona eye-Euclidean, okungenzeka ukuthi ifaneleke kakhulu idatha yemvelo kanye nokuchazwa kwayo.
Kuqoqo ngalinye elishiwo kuMfanekiso 2B, ukufana kwe-BC yangaphakathi kwezifundazwe kanye naphakathi kwezifundazwe kungahlolwa.Umehluko we-BC ngaphakathi kwesifundazwe ubhekisele kumehluko phakathi kwenani elimaphakathi lesifundazwe kanye nephuzu ngalinye esifundazweni.Umehluko phakathi kwezifundazwe ze-BC usho ukufana phakathi kwesifundazwe esisodwa nezinye izifundazwe.Umfanekiso 3A ubonisa i-symmetric BC matrix (0, emnyama: ehambisana ngokuphelele; 1, emhlophe: ayifani ngokuphelele).Umugqa ngamunye kugrafu ubonisa iphethini kudatha.Umfanekiso 3B ukhombisa ukubaluleka kwendawo yemiphumela ye-BC kuMfanekiso 3A wesifundazwe ngasinye.Esifundazweni esisendaweni enomsoco nenomsoco ophansi, Umfanekiso 3B ubonisa ukuthi ukulinganisa kwezindawo ezinkulu ezizungeze inkabazwe kanye noLwandlekazi i-Indian Ocean kuyafana, kodwa izindawo eziphakeme kanye nezindawo ezikhuphukayo zihluke kakhulu.
(A) Idigri yomehluko we-BC ehlolwayo esifundazweni ngasinye ngokusekelwe ku-avareji yomhlaba jikelele yeminyaka engama-20 yamapulanka angama-51.Qaphela ukulingana okulindelekile kwamanani.(B) Ukuboniswa kwendawo kwekholomu (noma umugqa).Esifundazweni esisembuthanweni we-dystrophic, ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke kwesilinganiso sokufana kwe-BC kwahlolwa, futhi isilinganiso somhlaba wonke seminyaka engama-20 sahlolwa.Umnyama (BC = 0) usho indawo efanayo, kanti umhlophe (BC = 1) usho ukuthi akukho ukufana.
Umfanekiso 4A ukhombisa umehluko kuBC phakathi kwesifundazwe ngasinye kuMfanekiso 2B.Ukunqunywa ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela emaphakathi yendawo eyisilinganiso kuqoqo, nokunquma ukungafani phakathi kwe-BC kanye nencazelo yephoyinti legridi ngayinye esifundazweni, kukhombisa ukuthi indlela ye-SAGE ingahlukanisa kahle izinhlobo ezingama-51 ngokusekelwe ekufananeni kwemvelo Uhlobo lwe idatha yemodeli.Isilinganiso sesisonke sokungafani kweqoqo BC kwazo zonke izinhlobo ezingama-51 ngu-0.102±0.0049.
(A, B, kanye no-D) Umehluko we-BC esifundazweni uhlolwa njengomehluko ophakathi kuka-BC phakathi komphakathi wephoyinti legridi ngayinye kanye nesifundazwe esijwayelekile, futhi ubunkimbinkimbi abuncishiswa.(2) Isilinganiso somhlaba jikelele umehluko we-BC wangaphakathi kwesifundazwe ngu-0.227±0.117.Lesi isibonakaliso sokuhlukaniswa okusekelwe kugqozi lwemvelo okuphakanyiswe yilo msebenzi [umugqa oluhlaza ku-(C)].(C) Isilinganiso somehluko we-BC wangaphakathi kwesifundazwe: Umugqa omnyama umele umehluko we-BC wangaphakathi kwesifundazwe nobunkimbinkimbi obandayo.I-2σ iphuma eziphindaphindweni eziyi-10 zenqubo yokuhlonza i-eco-province.Ngobunzima obuphelele bezifundazwe ezitholwe yi-DBSCAN, (A) ibonisa ukuthi ukungafani kwe-BC esifundazweni ngu-0.099, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okuyinkimbinkimbi okuhlongozwe ngu-(C) kungu-12, okuholela ekuhlukeni kwe-BC kuka-0.200 esifundazweni.njengoba isithombe sibonisa.(D).
Emfanekisweni 4B, i-biomass yezinhlobo ze-plankton ezingama-51 isetshenziselwa ukumela umehluko olinganayo we-BC esifundazweni saseLonghurst.Isilinganiso sesisonke sesifundazwe ngasinye singu-0.227, futhi ukuchezuka okujwayelekile kwamaphoyinti egridi uma kubhekwa umehluko esifundazweni sase-BC ngu-0.046.Lokhu kukhulu kuneqoqo elishiwo kuMfanekiso 1B.Esikhundleni salokho, kusetshenziswa isamba samaqembu ayisikhombisa asebenzayo, ukungafani okumaphakathi kwesizini ye-BC e-Longhurst kukhuphuke kwafinyelela ku-0.232.
Imephu yesifunda sendawo yomhlaba ihlinzeka ngemininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisana okuyingqayizivele kwemvelo kanye nentuthuko eyenziwe ngokusebenzisa sonke isakhiwo se-ecosystem yesiFundazwe saseLonghurst.UMnyango Wezemvelo kulindeleke ukuthi unikeze ukuqonda ngenqubo yokulawula imodeli ye-ecosystem yezinombolo, futhi lokhu kuqonda kuzosiza ukuhlola umsebenzi wasensimini.Ngenhloso yalolu cwaningo, akwenzeki ukuthi kuboniswe ngokugcwele izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwekhulu.Isigaba esilandelayo sethula indlela ye-SAGE efingqa izifundazwe.
Enye yezinhloso zesifundazwe ukukhuthaza ukuqonda ngendawo nokuphathwa kwesifundazwe.Ukunquma izimo eziphuthumayo, indlela ekuMdwebo 1B ikhombisa ukuzalela kwezifundazwe ezifanayo ngokwemvelo.Izifundazwe ze-eco zihlanganiswe ndawonye ngokusekelwe ekufananeni kwemvelo, futhi ukuqoqa okunjalo kwezifundazwe kubizwa nge-AEP.Setha “ubunzima” obulungisekayo ngokusekelwe enanini eliphelele lezifundazwe okufanele zicatshangelwe.Igama elithi “inkimbinkimbi” lisetshenziswa ngoba livumela izinga lezibaluli eziphuthumayo ukuthi lilungiswe.Ukuze kuchazwe ama-aggregations anenjongo, umehluko omaphakathi wesifundazwe we-BC ongu-0.227 ukusuka e-Longhurst usetshenziswa njengebhentshimakhi.Ngezansi kwaleli benchmark, izifundazwe ezihlanganisiwe azisabhekwa njengeziwusizo.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3B, izifundazwe zomhlaba wonke zezemvelo ziyahambisana.Ngokusebenzisa umehluko we-BC phakathi kwezifundazwe, kungabonakala ukuthi ezinye izilungiselelo "zivamile" kakhulu.Ngokukhuthazwa izakhi zofuzo kanye nezindlela ze-graph theory, "amagrafu axhunyiwe" asetshenziselwa ukuhlunga > izifundazwe ezingu-100 ngokusekelwe ezifundazweni ezifanayo kakhulu nazo.Imethrikhi "yokuxhuma" lapha inqunywa kusetshenziswa ukungafani kwe-BC phakathi kwezifundazwe (30).Inani lezifundazwe ezinendawo enkulu yokuhlukanisa izifundazwe ezingaphezu kweziyi-100 kungabhekiselwa kuzo lapha njengokuyinkimbinkimbi.I-AEP iwumkhiqizo ohlukanisa izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwe-100 njengezifundazwe ezihamba phambili/eziseduze kakhulu zemvelo.Isifundazwe ngasinye sezemvelo sabelwa isifundazwe esikhulu/esixhumeke kakhulu sezemvelo esifana kakhulu naso.Lokhu kuhlanganiswa okunqunywe umehluko we-BC kuvumela indlela ehlanganisiwe ku-ecology yomhlaba.
Ubunkimbinkimbi obukhethiwe bungaba yinoma yiliphi inani ukusuka ku-1 kuye kubunkimbinkimbi obuphelele be-FIG.2A.Ebunzimeni obuphansi, i-AEP ingase iwohloke ngenxa yesinyathelo sokunciphisa ubukhulu obunokwenzeka (t-SNE).Ukuwohloka kusho ukuthi izifundazwe zezemvelo zingabelwa ama-AEP ahlukene phakathi kokuphindaphinda, ngaleyo ndlela kuguqule indawo ehlanganisiwe yejografi.Umfanekiso 4C ubonisa ukusabalala kokungafani kwe-BC ezifundazweni kuma-AEP wokukhula kobunzima ekusetshenzisweni okungu-10 (umfanekiso kuMfanekiso 1B).Emfanekisweni 4C, u-2σ (indawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) isilinganiso sokuwohloka ekusetshenzisweni okungu-10, futhi umugqa oluhlaza umele ibhentshimakhi ye-Longhurst.Amaqiniso afakazele ukuthi inkimbinkimbi ye-12 ingagcina umehluko we-BC esifundazweni ngaphansi kwebhentshimakhi ye-Longhurst kukho konke ukuqaliswa futhi igcine ukonakaliswa okuncane okungu-2σ.Kafushane, ubuncane obuncane obunconywayo obuyinkimbinkimbi ama-AEP angu-12, futhi umehluko omaphakathi wesifunda we-BC ohlolwe kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ze-plankton ezingu-51 ngu-0.198±0.013, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 4D.Kusetshenziswa isamba samaqembu asebenzayo we-plankton ayisikhombisa, umehluko we-BC ophakathi esifundazweni ngu-2σ esikhundleni sika-0.198±0.004.Ukuqhathanisa phakathi komehluko we-BC abalwe nesamba se-biomass yamaqembu ayisikhombisa asebenzayo noma i-biomass yazo zonke izinhlobo ze-plankton ezingama-51 kukhombisa ukuthi nakuba indlela ye-SAGE isetshenziswa esimweni se-51-dimensional, ingeyesamba semvelo samaqembu ayisikhombisa asebenzayo. Okokuqeqeshwa.
Kuye ngenjongo yanoma yiluphi ucwaningo, amazinga ahlukene okuba yinkimbinkimbi angacatshangelwa.Izifundo zesifunda zingadinga ubunkimbinkimbi obugcwele (okungukuthi, zonke izifundazwe eziyi-115).Njengesibonelo kanye nokucacisa, cabangela ubuncane obuncane obunconywayo obuyinkimbinkimbi obungu-12.
Njengesibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwendlela ye-SAGE, ama-AEP angu-12 anobunzima obuncane obungu-12 asetshenziswa lapha ukuhlola ukulawulwa kwesakhiwo somphakathi esiphuthumayo.Umfanekiso wesi-5 ubonisa imininingwane yemvelo eqoqwe yi-AEP (kusuka ku-A kuye ku-L): Ku-Redfield stoichiometry, ububanzi bendawo (Umfanekiso 5C), ukwakheka kwe-biomass yeqembu elisebenzayo (Umfanekiso 5A) kanye nokunikezwa kwezakhi (Umfanekiso 5B) kwenziwa ngu-N Zoomed.Isilinganiso (N:Si:P:Fe, 1:1:16:16×103) siyaboniswa.Kuphaneli yakamuva, u-P uphindaphindeke ngo-16 bese u-Fe uphindaphindwe ngo-16×103, ngakho igrafu yebha ilingana nezidingo zokudla okunomsoco ze-phytoplankton.
Izifundazwe zihlukaniswe ngama-AEPs angu-12 A kuye ku-L. (A) Biomass (mgC/m3) ezinto eziphilayo ezifundazweni eziyi-12.(B) Izinga lokuguquguquka kwezakhi ze-nitrogen engaphilayo encibilikisiwe (N), insimbi (Fe), i-phosphate (P) ne-silicic acid (Si) (mmol/m3 ngonyaka).I-Fe no-P iphindaphindwa ngo-16 no-16×103, ngokulandelana, ukuze imicu ifane nezidingo ze-phytoplankton stoichiometry.(C) Qaphela umehluko phakathi kwezifunda ezipholile, iziphepho ezishisayo nezifunda ezinkulu zesizini/ezikhulayo.Iziteshi zokuqapha zimakwe kanje: 1, IZIHLALO;2, ALOHA;3, isiteshi P;kanye no-4, BATS.
I-AEP ekhonjiwe ihlukile.Kukhona ukulinganisa okuthile eduze kwenkabazwe oLwandle i-Atlantic kanye ne-Pacific, futhi indawo efanayo kodwa ekhulisiwe ikhona e-Indian Ocean.Amanye ama-AEP amukela uhlangothi olusentshonalanga lwezwekazi oluhlotshaniswa nokukhuphuka.I-South Pole Circumpolar Current ithathwa njengesici esikhulu sendawo.I-subtropical cyclone iwuchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-oligotrophic AEP.Kulezi zifundazwe, iphethini evamile yomehluko we-biomass phakathi kwama-oligotrophic vortices alawulwa yi-plankton kanye nezifunda ezitholakala ezindaweni ezipholile ezine-diatom iyabonakala.
Ama-AEP anenani eliphelele le-phytoplankton biomass afana kakhulu angaba nezinhlaka zomphakathi ezihluke kakhulu futhi ahlanganise izindawo ezihlukene zejografi, njenge-D, H, kanye ne-K, ezinengqikithi ye-phytoplankton biomass efanayo.I-AEP H itholakala ikakhulukazi e-Indian Ocean enkabazwe, futhi maningi amagciwane e-diazotrophic.I-AEP D itholakala ezitsheni ezimbalwa, kodwa igqame kakhulu e-Pacific eduze nezindawo ezinesivuno esiphezulu ezizungeze i-equatorial upwelling.Ukuma kwalesi sifundazwe sasePacific kusikhumbuza isitimela samagagasi eplanethi.Kukhona ama-diazobacteria ambalwa ku-AEP D, nama-cones amaningi.Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifundazwe ezimbili, i-AEP K itholakala kuphela ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-Arctic Ocean, futhi kukhona ama-diatom amaningi kanye nama-plankton ambalwa.Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inani le-plankton kulezi zifunda ezintathu lihluke kakhulu.Phakathi kwazo, ukuchichima kwe-plankton ye-AEP K kuphansi, kuyilapho leyo ye-AEP D kanye ne-H iphakeme kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, naphezu kwe-biomass yazo (futhi ngenxa yalokho ifana ne-Chl-a), lezi zifundazwe zihluke kakhulu: Ukuhlolwa kwesifundazwe okusekelwe ku-Chl kungase kungathathi lo mehluko.
Kusobala futhi ukuthi amanye ama-AEP ane-biomass ehluke kakhulu angase afane ngokwesakhiwo somphakathi we-phytoplankton.Isibonelo, lokhu kubonakala ku-AEP D naku-E. Zisondelene, futhi e-Pacific Ocean, i-AEP E iseduze ne-AEPJ ekhiqiza kakhulu.Ngokufanayo, akukho ukuxhumana okucacile phakathi kwe-phytoplankton biomass kanye nobuningi be-zooplankton.
I-AEP ingaqondwa ngokomsoco abanikezwe wona (Umfanekiso 5B).Ama-diatom akhona kuphela lapho kunomthamo owanele we-asilic acid.Ngokuvamile, ukuphakama kwe-silicic acid, kuyanda i-biomass yama-diatom.Ama-diatom angabonwa ku-AEP A, J, K kanye no-L. Isilinganiso se-diatom biomass ngokuhlobene nenye i-phytoplankton inqunywa i-N, P kanye ne-Fe enikeziwe ngokuhlobene nesidingo se-diatom.Isibonelo, i-AEP L ibuswa ama-diatoms.Uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izakhamzimba, i-Si inenani eliphakeme kakhulu.Ngokuphambene, naphezu kokukhiqiza okuphezulu, i-AEP J inama-diatom ambalwa kanye nokunikezwa kwe-silicon okuncane (konke futhi kuhlobene nezinye izakhi).
Amagciwane e-Diazonium anamandla okulungisa i-nitrogen, kodwa akhula kancane (31).Zihlala ndawonye nezinye i-phytoplankton, lapho i-iron ne-phosphorus kudlulele ngokwesidingo sezakhi ezingezona ze-diazonium (20, 21).Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-diazotrophic biomass iphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi ukunikezwa kwe-Fe no-P kukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokunikezwa kwe-N. Ngale ndlela, nakuba isamba se-biomass ku-AEP J siphezulu, i-diazonium biomass ku-AEP H inkulu kunaleyo eku-J. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi i-AEP J kanye no-H ahluke kakhulu ngokwendawo, futhi u-H use-Indian Ocean enkabazwe.
Uma ukwakheka kwe-ecosystem ehlukile kungahlukaniswanga izifundazwe, imininingwane ezuzwe kumamodeli ayinkimbinkimbi ayi-12 AEP ngeke icace kangako.I-AEP ekhiqizwe i-SAGE isiza ukuqhathanisa okuhambisanayo nangesikhathi esisodwa kolwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi noluphezulu oluvela kumamodeli we-ecosystem.I-AEP igcizelela ngempumelelo ukuthi kungani i-Chl ingeyona indlela enhle nehlukile yokunquma isakhiwo somphakathi noma inala ye-zooplankton emazingeni aphezulu omsoco.Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezihloko zocwaningo eziqhubekayo kungaphezu kobubanzi balesi sihloko.Indlela ye-SAGE inikeza indlela yokuhlola ezinye izindlela kumodeli okulula ukuyiphatha kunokubuka iphuzu-kuya-iphuzu.
Indlela ye-SAGE ihlongozwa ukusiza ukucacisa idatha yemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu evela kumamodeli ezinombolo zomhlaba jikelele/i-biogeochemical/ecosystem.Isifundazwe semvelo sinqunywa isamba se-biomass yamaqembu asebenzayo e-cross-plankton, ukusetshenziswa kwe-algorithm yokunciphisa amathuba okuba nobukhulu be-t-SNE kanye nokuhlanganisa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-ML engagadiwe i-DBSCAN.Umehluko phakathi kwezifundazwe ze-BC/ithiyori yegrafu yendlela yokuzalela isetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe i-AEP eqinile engasetshenziselwa ukutolika umhlaba wonke.Mayelana nokwakhiwa, i-Eco-Province kanye ne-AEP zihlukile.Ukuzalela kwe-AEP kungalungiswa phakathi kwenkimbinkimbi egcwele yesifundazwe sangempela se-ecology kanye nomkhawulo omncane onconyiwe wama-AEP angu-12.Ukwenza isidleke nokunquma ubuncane benkimbinkimbi be-AEP kuthathwa njengezinyathelo ezibalulekile, ngoba amathuba okuthi i-t-SNE ehlisa ama-AEP angu-<12 yobunkimbinkimbi.Indlela ye-SAGE ingeyomhlaba wonke, futhi ubunkimbinkimbi bayo busukela ku-> 100 AEPs kuya ku-12. Ukuze kube lula, ukugxila kwamanje kusenkingeni yama-AEPs omhlaba angu-12.Ucwaningo lwangomuso, ikakhulukazi izifundo zesifunda, lungathola ingxenye encane yendawo yezifundazwe zomhlaba wonke iwusizo, futhi ingase ihlanganiswe endaweni encane ukuze kusetshenziswe imininingwane efanayo yemvelo okuxoxwe ngayo lapha.Inikeza iziphakamiso zokuthi lezi zifundazwe zemvelo kanye nemininingwane ezuzwe kuzo ingasetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kuqondwe kabanzi ngemvelo, kube lula ukuqhathanisa imodeli, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuqapha kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle.
Isifundazwe semvelo kanye ne-AEP ekhonjwe indlela ye-SAGE kusekelwe kudatha yemodeli yezinombolo.Ngokwencazelo, imodeli yezinombolo iyisakhiwo esenziwe lula, esizama ukuthwebula ingqikithi yesistimu eqondiwe, futhi amamodeli ahlukene azoba nokusabalalisa okuhlukile kwe-plankton.Imodeli yezinombolo esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo ayikwazi ukuthwebula ngokugcwele amanye amaphethini aqashiwe (isibonelo, kuzilinganiso ze-Chl zesifunda senkabazwe kanye ne-Southern Ocean).Ingxenye encane kuphela yokuhlukahluka olwandle lwangempela iyabanjwa, futhi i-meso ne-sub-mesoscales ayikwazi ukuxazululwa, okungase kuthinte ukuguquguquka kwezakhi kanye nesakhiwo somphakathi esisezingeni elincane.Naphezu kwalokhu kushiyeka, kuvele ukuthi i-AEP iwusizo kakhulu ekusizeni ukuqonda amamodeli ayinkimbinkimbi.Ngokuhlola lapho kutholakala khona izifundazwe ezifanayo zezemvelo, i-AEP inikeza ithuluzi lokuqhathanisa eliyimodeli yezinombolo.Imodeli yamanje yezinombolo ithwebula iyonke iphethini ye-phytoplankton Chl-a yenzwa ekude kanye nokusatshalaliswa kosayizi we-plankton neqembu elisebenzayo (Qaphela S1 kanye noMfanekiso S1) (2, 32).
Njengoba kukhonjiswe umugqa we-contour we-0.1 mgChl-a/m-3, i-AEP ihlukaniswe yaba indawo ye-oligotrophic kanye nendawo ye-mesotrophic (Umfanekiso S1B): I-AEP B, C, D, E, F kanye no-G yizindawo ze-oligotrophic, kanti izindawo ezisele itholakala Higher Chl-a.I-AEP ikhombisa ukuxhumana okuthile neSifundazwe saseLonghurst (Umfanekiso S3A), isibonelo, i-Southern Ocean kanye ne-equatorial Pacific.Kwezinye izifunda, i-AEP ihlanganisa izifunda eziningi zaseLonghurst, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.Njengoba inhloso yokuhlukanisa izifundazwe kule ndawo naseLonghurst yehlukile, kulindeleke ukuthi kube nokuhlukana.Ama-AEP amaningi esifundazweni saseLonghurst akhombisa ukuthi izindawo ezithile ezine-biogeochemistry efanayo zingase zibe nezakhiwo ze-ecosystem ezihluke kakhulu.I-AEP ibonisa ukuxhumana okuthile nezimo zomzimba, njengoba kuvezwe kusetshenziswa ukufunda okungagadiwe (19), njengasezifundeni ezikhuphukayo (isibonelo, i-Southern Ocean kanye ne-equatorial Pacific; Umfanekiso S3, C no-D).Lokhu kuxhumana kubonisa ukuthi ukwakheka komphakathi we-plankton kuthonywa kakhulu amandla olwandle.Ezindaweni ezifana ne-North Atlantic, i-AEP inqamula izifundazwe ezibonakalayo.Indlela edala lo mehluko ingase ihlanganise izinqubo ezifana nokuthuthwa kothuli, okungaholela ezinhlelweni ezihluke ngokuphelele zokudla okunomsoco ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zomzimba ezifanayo.
I-Ministry of Ecology kanye ne-AEP iveze ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-Chl iyodwa akukwazi ukuhlonza izingxenye zemvelo, njengoba umphakathi wesayensi yemvelo yasolwandle usubonile.Lokhu kubonakala kuma-AEP ane-biomass efanayo kodwa ukwakheka kwemvelo okuhluke kakhulu (okufana no-D no-E).Ngokuphambene, ama-AEP afana no-D kanye no-K ane-biomass ehluke kakhulu kodwa ukwakheka okufanayo kwemvelo.I-AEP igcizelela ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-biomass, ukwakheka kwemvelo kanye nobuningi be-zooplankton yinkimbinkimbi.Isibonelo, nakuba i-AEP J igqama ngokuya nge-phytoplankton kanye ne-plankton biomass, i-AEP's A kanye ne-L ine-plankton biomass efanayo, kodwa i-A ine-plankton ephezulu kakhulu.I-AEP igcizelela ukuthi i-phytoplankton biomass (noma i-Chl) ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukubikezela i-zooplankton biomass.I-Zooplankton iyisisekelo sochungechunge lokudla lokudoba, futhi izilinganiso ezinembe kakhudlwana zingaholela ekuphathweni okungcono kwezinsiza.Amasathelayithi ombala wasolwandle wesikhathi esizayo [ngokwesibonelo, i-PACE (i-plankton, i-aerosol, ifu, ne-ecosystem yasolwandle)] angase abekwe kangcono ukuze asize ukulinganisa ukwakheka komphakathi we-phytoplankton.Ukusebenzisa ukubikezela kwe-AEP kungase kusize ukulinganiswa kwe-zooplankton emkhathini.Izindlela ezifana ne-SAGE, ezihambisana nobuchwepheshe obusha, kanye nedatha eyengeziwe yenkundla etholakalayo yokuhlola iqiniso eliyisisekelo (njenge-Tara nocwaningo lokulandelela), ngokuhlanganyela kungathatha isinyathelo esibheke ekuqashweni kwezempilo kwe-ecosystem okusekelwe kusathelayithi.
Indlela ye-SAGE inikeza indlela elula yokuhlola ezinye izindlela ezilawula izici zesifundazwe, ezifana ne-biomass/Chl, ukukhiqizwa okuyisisekelo okuphelele, kanye nesakhiwo somphakathi.Isibonelo, inani elihlobene lama-diatom lisethwa ukungalingani ekunikezweni kwe-Si, N, P, ne-Fe ngokuhlobene nezidingo ze-phytoplankton stoichiometric.Ngezinga lokuhlinzeka elilinganiselwe, umphakathi ulawulwa ama-diatoms (L).Uma izinga lokuhlinzeka lingalingani (okungukuthi, ukunikezwa kwe-silicon kuphansi kunesidingo sezakhi zama-diatom), ama-diatoms abangela ingxenye encane kuphela Yabelana (K).Lapho ukunikezwa kwe-Fe no-P kudlula ukunikezwa kwe-N (isibonelo, u-E no-H), amabhaktheriya e-diazotrophic azokhula ngamandla.Ngomongo onikezwe yi-AEP, ukuhlola izindlela zokulawula kuzoba usizo kakhulu.
I-Eco-Province kanye ne-AEP yizindawo ezinezinhlaka zomphakathi ezifanayo.Uchungechunge lwesikhathi olusuka endaweni ethile ngaphakathi kwesifundazwe sezemvelo noma i-AEP lungathathwa njengendawo eyinkomba futhi lungamelela indawo embozwe yisifundazwe semvelo noma i-AEP.Iziteshi zokuqapha ezisesayithini zesikhathi eside zihlinzeka ngochungechunge lwesikhathi olunjalo.Amasethi edatha yesikhathi eside e-in-situ azoqhubeka nokudlala indima engenakubalwa.Ngokombono wokuqapha isakhiwo somphakathi, indlela ye-SAGE ingabonakala njengendlela yokusiza ukucacisa indawo ewusizo kakhulu yamasayithi amasha.Isibonelo, uchungechunge lwesikhathi olusuka ekuhloleni kwendawo yokuhlala ye-oligotrophic yesikhathi eside (ALOHA) iku-AEP B yendawo ye-oligotrophic (Umfanekiso 5C, ilebula 2).Ngenxa yokuthi i-ALOHA iseduze nomngcele wenye i-AEP, uchungechunge lwesikhathi lungase lungameleli yonke indawo, njengoba kwakusikiselwe ngaphambilini (33).Ku-AEP B efanayo, uchungechunge lwesikhathi SEATS (Southeast Asian Time Series) lutholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Taiwan (34), kude nemingcele yamanye ama-AEP (Umfanekiso 5C, ilebula 1), futhi lungasetshenziswa njengendawo engcono yokuqapha. I-AEPB.Uchungechunge lwesikhathi lwe-BATS (Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Study) (Umfanekiso 5C, ilebula 4) ku-AEPC luseduze kakhulu nomngcele phakathi kwe-AEP C ne-F, okubonisa ukuthi ukuqapha i-AEP C kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwesikhathi lwe-BATS kungase kube inkinga ngokuqondile.Isiteshi P ku-AEP J (Umfanekiso 5C, ilebula 3) sikude nomngcele we-AEP, ngakho simelela kakhulu.I-Eco-Province kanye ne-AEP ingasiza ekusunguleni uhlaka lokuqapha olufanele ukuhlola izinguquko zomhlaba, ngenxa yokuthi imvume yezifundazwe yokuhlola lapho amasampula esizeni anganikeza khona imininingwane ebalulekile.Indlela ye-SAGE ingathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze isetshenziswe kudatha yesimo sezulu ukuze kuhlolwe ukuhlukahluka okonga isikhathi.
Impumelelo yendlela ye-SAGE itholakala ngokusetshenziswa ngokucophelela kwedatha yesayensi/izindlela zeML nolwazi oluqondene nesizinda.Ngokukhethekile, i-t-SNE isetshenziselwa ukwenza ukunciphisa ubukhulu, okugcina ukwakheka kwe-covariance kwedatha enobukhulu obuphezulu futhi kusize ukubonwa kwe-covariance topology.Idatha ihlelwa ngendlela yemigqa nama-covariances (Umfanekiso 2A), okubonisa ukuthi izinyathelo ezisuselwe ebangeni ngokuphelele (njenge-K-means) azifaneleki ngoba ngokuvamile zisebenzisa isisekelo sokusabalalisa kwe-Gaussian (eyisiyingi) (okuxoxiwe ngaso kokuthi Inothi S2) .Indlela ye-DBSCAN ifanele noma iyiphi i-covariance topology.Uma nje unaka ukusetha imingcele, ukuhlonza okuthembekile kunganikezwa.Izindleko zokubala ze-algorithm ye-t-SNE ziphezulu, ezikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwamanje enanini elikhulu ledatha, okusho ukuthi kunzima ukukusebenzisa ezinkambini ezijulile noma ezishintsha isikhathi.Umsebenzi wokukhula kwe-t-SNE uyaqhubeka.Njengoba ibanga le-KL kulula ukulifanisa, i-algorithm ye-t-SNE inamandla amahle okunwetshwa esikhathini esizayo (35).Kuze kube manje, ezinye izindlela zokunciphisa ubukhulu ezithembisayo ezinganciphisa kangcono usayizi zihlanganisa amasu ahlanganisiwe wokulinganisa okuningiliziwe kanye ne-projection (UMAP), kodwa ukuhlolwa kumongo wedatha yolwandle kuyadingeka.Incazelo yokulinganisa okungcono, isibonelo, ukuhlukanisa izimo zezulu zomhlaba wonke noma amamodeli anobunzima obuhlukahlukene kungqimba exubile.Izindawo ezihlulekayo ukuhlukaniswa ngu-SAGE kunoma yisiphi isifundazwe zingathathwa njengamachashazi amnyama asele kuMfanekiso 2A.Ngokwendawo, lezi zindawo ikakhulukazi zisezindaweni ezinezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukuthwebula izifundazwe zemvelo ezishintshayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzohlinzeka ngekhava engcono.
Ukuze kwakhiwe indlela ye-SAGE, imibono evela ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi / isayensi yedatha isetshenzisiwe, kusetshenziswa ikhono lokunquma amaqoqo amaqembu asebenzayo (amathuba okuba eduze kakhulu endaweni ye-11-dimensional) nokunquma izifundazwe.Lezi zifundazwe zibonisa imiqulu ethile endaweni yethu yesigaba se-3D t-SNE.Ngokufanayo, ingxenye ye-Poincaré ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlola “ivolumu” yendawo yesifunda ethathwe umzila ukuze kunqunywe ukuziphatha “okuvamile” noma “okunesiphithiphithi” (36).Ngokukhishwayo kwemodeli ye-11-dimensional emile, ivolumu ethathwe ngemuva kokuthi idatha iguqulelwe endaweni yesigaba se-3D ingachazwa ngendlela efanayo.Ubudlelwano phakathi kwendawo kanye nendawo esikhaleni sesigaba se-3D akulula, kodwa bungachazwa ngokuya ngokufana kwemvelo.Ngalesi sizathu, isilinganiso esivamile sokungafani se-BC siyakhethwa.
Umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo uzophinda usebenzise indlela ye-SAGE yedatha eshintsha ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka ukuze kuhlolwe ukuhlukahluka kwesikhala kwezifundazwe ezihlonziwe kanye ne-AEP.Umgomo wesikhathi esizayo uwukusebenzisa le ndlela ukusiza ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izifundazwe ezinganqunywa ngezilinganiso zesathelayithi (ezifana ne-Chl-a, i-remote sensing reflectivity kanye nezinga lokushisa lolwandle).Lokhu kuzovumela ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa ezikude zezingxenye zemvelo kanye nokuqapha okuguquguqukayo kakhulu kwezifundazwe zemvelo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwazo.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukwethula indlela ye-SAGE, echaza isifundazwe semvelo ngesakhiwo saso esiyingqayizivele somphakathi we-plankton.Lapha, ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nemodeli ye-physical/biogeochemical/ecosystem kanye nokukhethwa kwepharamitha ye-t-SNE kanye ne-DBSCAN algorithms kuzonikezwa.
Izingxenye zomzimba zemodeli zivela ekulinganisweni kokujikeleza kolwandle nesimo sezulu [ECCOv4;(37) isilinganiso sesimo somhlaba esichazwe ngu-(38).Ukulungiswa okulinganiselwe kwesilinganiso sombuso ngu-1/5.Indlela yesikwele encane enendlela yokuphindaphinda i-Lagrangian isetshenziselwa ukuthola izimo zokuqala nemingcele kanye nemingcele yemodeli yangaphakathi elungiswa ngokubheka, ngaleyo ndlela ikhiqize imodeli yomjikelezo ovamile we-MIT (MITgcm) (39) ogijima mahhala, imodeli Ngemva kokwenza kahle, imiphumela ingakwazi. kulandelelwe futhi kubhekwe.
I-biogeochemistry/ecosystem inencazelo ephelele kakhulu (okungukuthi, izibalo namanani epharamitha) ku-(2).Imodeli ithwebula ukusakazwa kwe-C, N, P, Si ne-Fe ngokusebenzisa amachibi angaphili nangokwemvelo.Inguqulo esetshenziswe lapha ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingu-35 ze-phytoplankton: 2 izinhlobo ze-microprokaryotes kanye nezinhlobo ezi-2 ze-microeukaryotes (ezifanele izindawo ezinomsoco omncane), izinhlobo ezi-5 ze-Cryptomonas sphaeroides (ene-calcium carbonate coating), 5 izinhlobo ze-diazonium ( Ingakwazi ukulungisa i-nitrogen, ngakho-ke ayikhawulelwe) ukutholakala kwe-nitrogen ye-inorganic encibilikisiwe), ama-diatom ayi-11 (akha ikhava ye-siliceous), ama-flagellate axutshwe nemifino ayi-10 (angakwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesize futhi adle amanye ama-plankton) kanye ne-16 Zooplankton (ziklabe kwelinye i-plankton).Lawa abizwa ngokuthi "amaqembu asebenzayo we-biogeochemical" ngoba anemiphumela ehlukile ku-marine biogeochemistry (40, 41) futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ekuhloleni nasezifundweni eziyimodeli.Kulo modeli, iqembu ngalinye elisebenzayo lakhiwe ngamaplankton amaningana anosayizi abahlukene, ane-span ye-0.6 kuya ku-2500 μm ububanzi obuyindilinga obulinganayo.
Imingcele ethinta ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton, amadlelo kanye nokucwila kuhlobene nosayizi, futhi kukhona umehluko othize phakathi kwamaqembu ayisithupha asebenzayo e-phytoplankton (32).Naphezu kwezinhlaka ezihlukene zomzimba, imiphumela yezingxenye ze-plankton ezingu-51 zemodeli isetshenziswe eziningana zezifundo zakamuva (42-44).
Kusukela ngo-1992 kuya ku-2011, imodeli yokuhlanganisa ngokomzimba/ye-biogeochemical/ecosystem yathatha iminyaka engu-20.Ukukhishwa kwemodeli kuhlanganisa i-plankton biomass, ukugxila kwezakhi kanye nezinga lokuhlinzeka ngezakhi (DIN, PO4, Si kanye ne-Fe).Kulolu cwaningo, isilinganiso seminyaka engu-20 sale miphumela sisetshenziswe njengokufaka kweSifundazwe Sezemvelo.I-Chl, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-plankton biomass nokugxiliswa kwezakhi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamaqembu asebenzayo kuqhathaniswa nokubhekwa kwesathelayithi kanye ne-in-situ [bona (2, 44), Note S1 kanye nesibalo.S1 kuye ku-S3].
Ngendlela ye-SAGE, umthombo omkhulu wokungahleliwe uvela esinyathelweni sika-t-SNE.Ukungahleliwe kuvimbela ukuphindaphinda, okusho ukuthi imiphumela ayithembekile.Indlela ye-SAGE ihlola ngokuqinile ukuqina ngokunquma isethi yamapharamitha we-t-SNE kanye ne-DBSCAN, engakwazi ukuhlonza amaqoqo ngokungaguquguquki uma ephindaphindwa.Ukunquma “indida” yepharamitha ye-t-SNE kungaqondwa njengokunquma izinga imephu ukusuka kubukhulu obuphansi ukuya kobuncane okufanele ihloniphe izici zendawo noma zomhlaba jikelele zedatha.Ifinyelele ukudideka kokuphindaphinda okungu-400 no-300.
Ku-algorithm yokuhlanganisa i-DBSCAN, ubuncane bosayizi nemethrikhi yebanga lamaphoyinti edatha kuqoqo kudingeka kunqunywe.Inombolo encane inqunywa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kochwepheshe.Lolu lwazi luyazi ukuthi yini efanelana nohlaka lwamanje lokumodela lwezinombolo kanye nesinqumo.Inombolo encane ingu-100. Inani eliphansi eliphakeme (elingaphansi kuka-<135 ngaphambi kokuba umkhawulo ophezulu wokuluhlaza ube banzi) lingacatshangwa, kodwa alikwazi ukumiselela indlela yokuhlanganisa ngokusekelwe kokungafani kwe-BC.Izinga lokuxhumana (Umfanekiso 6A) usetshenziselwa ukusetha ipharamitha ye-ϵ, ehambisana nokumbozwa okuphezulu (Umfanekiso 6B).Ukuxhumana kuchazwa njengenombolo eyinhlanganisela yamaqoqo futhi kuyazwela kupharamitha ye-ϵ.Ukuxhumana okuphansi kubonisa ukulingana okwanele, ukuqoqa izifunda ndawonye.Ukuxhumana okuphezulu kubonisa ukufakwa ngokweqile.Ukufaka i-overfitting nakho kuyinkinga, ngoba kubonisa ukuthi ukuqagela okungahleliwe kokuqala kungase kuholele emiphumeleni engakwazi ukukhiqiza.Phakathi kwalokhu okubili okweqisayo, ukwanda okubukhali (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "indololwane") kubonisa okungcono kakhulu ϵ.Emfanekisweni 6A, ubona ukwanda okukhulu endaweni yethafa (okuphuzi,> amaqoqo angama-200), okulandelwa ukwehla okubukhali (okuluhlaza, amaqoqo ayi-100), kuze kufike ku-130, ezungezwe amaqoqo ambalwa kakhulu (okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, <60 amaqoqo) ).Okungenani ezindaweni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eziyi-100, iqoqo elilodwa libusa lonke ulwandle (ϵ <0.42), noma ingxenye enkulu yolwandle ayihlukaniswa futhi ibhekwa njengomsindo (ϵ> 0.99).Indawo ephuzi inokusabalalisa kweqoqo okuguquguqukayo kakhulu, okungakhiqizeki.Njengoba ϵ iyancipha, umsindo uyanda.Indawo eluhlaza ekhula kakhulu ibizwa ngokuthi indololwane.Lesi yisifunda esifanele.Nakuba kusetshenziswa amathuba okuthi t-SNE, ukungafani kwe-BC ngaphakathi kwesifundazwe kusengasetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuhlanganisa okuthembekile.Usebenzisa Umfanekiso 6 (A no-B), setha u-ϵ ku-0.39.Uma inani elincane liba likhulu, mancane amathuba okufinyelela ku-ϵ okuvumela ukuhlukaniswa okuthembekile, futhi indawo eluhlaza kakhulu enenani elikhulu kuno-135. Ukwandiswa kwale ndawo kubonisa ukuthi indololwane kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuyithola noma ukungeyona- ekhona.
Ngemva kokusetha amapharamitha we-t-SNE, inani eliphelele lamaqoqo atholiwe lizosetshenziswa njengesilinganiso sokuxhuma (A) kanye nephesenti ledatha elinikezwe iqoqo (B).Ichashazi elibomvu libonisa inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu yokuhlanganisa nokuxhumana.Inombolo encane isethwe ngokwenani elincane elihlobene ne-ecology.
Ukuze uthole izinto ezengeziwe zalesi sihloko, sicela ubheke ku-http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/22/eaay4740/DC1
Lesi isiqephu sendatshana esivulekile sokufinyelela esatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwemigomo ye-Creative Commons Attribution License.I-athikili ivumela ukusetshenziswa okungakhawulelwe, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kunoma iyiphi indlela ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi umsebenzi wangempela ucashunwe kahle.
Qaphela: Sikucela kuphela ukuthi unikeze ikheli lakho le-imeyili ukuze umuntu omncomayo ekhasini azi ukuthi ufuna abone i-imeyili futhi akuwona ugaxekile.Ngeke sithwebule noma yimaphi amakheli e-imeyili.
Lo mbuzo usetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuthi ingabe uyisivakashi futhi uvimbele ukuthunyelwa kogaxekile okuzenzakalelayo.
I-Global Ministry of Marine Ecology izimisele ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi isebenzisa i-ML engagadiwe ukuhlola izakhiwo zomphakathi.
I-Global Ministry of Marine Ecology izimisele ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi isebenzisa i-ML engagadiwe ukuhlola izakhiwo zomphakathi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-12-2021